Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T15:36:17.211Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Understanding the relationship between networks, startup risk-taking behaviour, and digitalization: the role of ecosystem coopetition

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 December 2021

Junping Yang ,
Min Zhu Open the ORCID record for Min Zhu [Opens in a new window] ,
Mengjie Zhang Open the ORCID record for Mengjie Zhang [Opens in a new window]  and
Kai Yao
Junping Yang
Affiliation:
Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310000, China
Min Zhu
Affiliation:
Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310000, China
Mengjie Zhang*
Affiliation:
Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310000, China
Kai Yao
Affiliation:
Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
*
*Author for correspondence: Mengjie Zhang, E-mail: zmj602798956@yahoo.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Technology that develops rapidly has profoundly affected the business field and reshaped some behaviours of corporations, and the discussion on startup risk-taking behaviour in the new era is still insufficient. Based on social network theory and social capital theory, this article studies how social networks and entrepreneurial ecosystems support startup risk-taking behaviour. This article cuts into this issue through the perspective of coopetition. Based on 737 responses, this article employs regression and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to explore the relationships between networks, ecosystem coopetition, and risk-taking behaviour. Results indicate that networks and coopetition may stimulate startup risk-taking behaviour, and coopetition may weaken the impacts of networks. There are replacement effects between different characteristics of networks, and there are several configurations, which may lead to high-level risk-taking. This article may help us understand startup risk-taking behaviour in the digital era and the positive impacts of ecosystems.

Keywords

Coopetitionentrepreneurial ecosystemrisk-takingsocial network
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Management & Organization , First View , pp. 1 - 25
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press and Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acharya, V. V., Amihud, Y., & Litov, L. (2011). Creditor rights and corporate risk-taking. Journal of Financial Economics, 102, 150–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adner, R. (2017). Ecosystem as structure: An actionable construct for strategy. Journal of Management, 43(1), 39–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adner, R., & Kapoor, R. (2010). Value creation in innovation ecosystems: How the structure of technological interdependence affects firm performance in new technology generations. Strategic Management Journal, 31, 306–333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahlstrom, D., & Bruton, G. D. (2002). An institutional perspective on the role culture in shaping strategic actions by technology focused entrepreneurial firms in China. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 26(4), 53–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldrich, H., & Zimmer, C. (1986). Entrepreneurship through social networks. In Sexton, D.L. & Smilor, R.W. (Eds.), The art and science of entrepreneurship (pp. 3–23). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Allen, J., James, A. D., & Gamlen, P. (2007). Formal versus informal networks in R&D: A case study using social network analysis. R&D Management, 37(3), 179–196.Google Scholar
Almeida, H., & Campello, M. (2007). Financial constraints, asset tangibility and corporate investment. Review of Financial Studies, 20, 1429–1460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvarez, S. A. (2007). Entrepreneurial rents and the theory of the firm. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(3), 427–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aral, S., & Van Alstyne, M. (2011). The diversity-bandwidth trade-off. American Journal of Sociology, 117, 90–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Audretsch, D. B., Cunningham, J. A., Kuratko, D. F., Lehmann, E. E., & Menter, M. (2019). Entrepreneurial ecosystems: Economic, technological, and societal impacts. Journal of Technology Transfer, 44(2), 313–325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Autio, E., Nambisan, S., Thomas, L. D. W., & Wright, M. (2018). Digital affordances, spatial affordances, and the genesis of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 12(1), 72–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bacon, E., & Williams, M. D. (2021). Deconstructing the ivory tower: Identifying challenges of university-industry ecosystem partnerships. Review of Managerial Science. doi: 10.1007/s11846-020-00436-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bacon, E., Williams, M. D., & Davies, G. (2020). Coopetition in innovation ecosystems: A comparative analysis of knowledge transfer configurations. Journal of Business Research, 115, 307–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banc, C., & Messeghem, K. (2020). Discovering the entrepreneurial micro-ecosystem: The case of a corporate accelerator. Thunderbird International Business Review, 62(5), 593–605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basole, R. C., Park, H., & Barnett, B. C. (2015). Coopetition and convergence in the ICT ecosystem. Telecommunications Policy, 39(7), 537–552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bembom, M., & Schwens, C. (2018). The role of networks in early internationalizing firms: A systematic review and future research agenda. European Management Journal, 36(6), 679–694.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bengtsson, M., & Kock, S. (2000). ‘Coopetition’ in business networks – to cooperate and compete simultaneously. Industrial Marketing Management, 29, 411–426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben Letaifa, S. (2014). The uneasy transition from supply chains to ecosystems: The value-creation/value-capture dilemma. Management Decision, 52(2), 278–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birley, S. (1985). The role of networks in the entrepreneurial process. Journal of Business Venturing, 1, 107–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bischoff, K. (2021). A study on perceived strength of sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems on the dimensions of stakeholder theory and culture. Small Business Economics, 56, 1121–1140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Block, J., Sandner, P., & Spiegel, F. (2015). How do risk attitudes differ within the group of entrepreneurs? The role of motivation and procedural utility. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(1), 183–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonte, W., & Piegeler, M. (2013). Gender gap in latent and nascent entrepreneurship: Driven by competitiveness. Small Business Economics, 41(4), 961–987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boso, N., Story, V. M., & Cadogan, J. W. (2013). Entrepreneurial orientation, market orientation, network ties, and performance: Study of entrepreneurial forms in a development economy. Journal of Business Venturing, 28(6), 708–727.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boubakri, N., Cosset, J. C., & Saffar, W. (2013). The role of state and foreign owners in corporate risk-taking: Evidence from privatization. Journal of Financial Economics, 108, 641–658.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouncken, R. B., & Fredrich, V. (2016). Business model innovation in alliances: Successful configurations. Journal of Business Research, 69(9), 3584–3590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouncken, R. B., Fredrich, V., Ritala, P., & Kraus, S. (2017). Coopetition in new product development alliances: Advantages and tensions for incremental and radical innovation. British Journal of Management, 29(3), 391–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouncken, R. B., Laudien, S. M., Fredrich, V., & Görmar, L. (2018). Coopetition in coworking-spaces: Value creation and appropriation tensions in an entrepreneurial space. Review of Managerial Science, 12(2), 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cai, L., Yu, X., Liu, Q., & Nguyen, B. (2015). Radical innovation, market orientation, and risk-taking in Chinese new ventures: An exploratory study. International Journal of Technology Management, 67(1), 47–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Camarero, C., Garrido, M. J., & Hernandez, C. (2020). The mixed effects of organization's and manager's social capital: Evidence from the case of museums. Journal of Management & Organization, 26(4), 601–624.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cao, Z., & Shi, X. W. (2021). A systematic literature review of entrepreneurial ecosystems in advanced and emerging economies. Small Business Economics, 57, 75–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cao, Q., Simsek, Z., & Jansen, J. J. P. (2015). CEO social capital and entrepreneurial orientation of the firm: Bonding and bridging effects. Journal of Management, 41(7), 1957–1981.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Capaldo, A. (2007). Network structure and innovation: The leveraging of a dual network as a distinctive relational capability. Strategic Management Journal, 28, 585–608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caputo, A., Pizzi, S., Pellegrini, M. M., & Dabić, M. (2021). Digitalization and business models: Where are we going? A science map of the field. Journal of Business Research, 123, 489–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carnabuci, G., & Dioszegi, B. (2015). Social networks, cognitive style, and innovative performance: A contingency perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 58(3), 881–905.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chai, L., Li, J., Tangpong, C., & Clauss, T. (2020). The interplays of coopetition, conflicts, trust, and efficiency process innovation in vertical B2B relationships. Industrial Marketing Management, 85, 269–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, M. L. (2020). Can intergroup conflict aid the growth of within- and between-group social capital? Journal of Management & Organization, 26(1), 52–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chatterjee, A., & Hambrick, D. C. (2007). It's all about me: Narcissistic chief executive officers and their effects on company strategy and performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 52(3), 351–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Child, J. (2009). Context, comparison, and methodology in Chinese management. Management Organization Review, 5(1), 57–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chrisman, J. J., & Patel, P. C. (2012). Variations in R&D investments of family and nonfamily firms: Behavioral agency and myopic loss aversion perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, 55(4), 976–997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarysse, B., Wright, M., Bruneel, J., & Mahajan, A. (2014). Creating value in ecosystems: Crossing the chasm between, knowledge and business ecosystems. Research Policy, 43(7), 1164–1176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cortese, D., Giacosa, E., & Cantino, V. (2021). Knowledge sharing for coopetition in tourist destinations: The difficult path to the network. Review of Managerial Science, 15(2), 275–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Covin, J. G., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2011). Entrepreneurial orientation theory and research: Reflections on a needed construct. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(5), 855–872.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (1989). Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10(1), 75–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cozzolino, A., Corbo, L., & Aversa, P. (2021). Digital platform-based ecosystems: The evolution of collaboration and competition between incumbent producers and entrant platforms. Journal of Business Research, 126, 385–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crick, J. M., Karami, M., & Crick, D. (2021). The impact of the interaction between an entrepreneurial marketing orientation and coopetition on business performance. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 27(6), 1423–1447. doi: 10.1108/IJEBR-12-2020-0871.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cucculelli, M., & Ermini, B. (2012). New product introduction and product tenure: What effects on firm growth. Research Policy, 41, 808–821.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Czakon, W., Srivastava, M. K., Le Roy, F., & Gnyawali, D. (2020). Coopetition strategies: Critical issues and research directions. Long Range Planning, 53(1), 101948.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Czernek-Marszalek, K. (2021). The sources and components of social embeddedness as determinants of business cooperation in a tourist destination. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 19, 100534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dai, A., Maksimov, V., Gilbert, B. A., & Fernhaber, S. A. (2014). Entrepreneurial orientation and international scope: The differential roles of innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk-taking. Journal of Business Venturing, 29, 511–524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Danso, A., Adomako, S., Damoah, J. O., & Uddin, M. (2016). Risk-taking propensity, managerial network ties and firm performance in an emerging economy. Journal of Entrepreneurship, 25(2), 155–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
David, E. M., Kim, T. Y., Rodgers, M., & Chen, T. (2021). Helping while competing? The complex effects of competitive climates on the prosocial identity and performance relationship. Journal of Management Studies, 58(6), 1507–1531. doi: 10.1111/joms.12675.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dbouk, W., Fang, Y., Liu, L., & Wang, H. (2020). Do social networks encourage risk-taking? Evidence from bank CEOs. Journal of Financial Stability, 46, 100708.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Del Sarto, N., Isabelle, D. A., & Di Minin, A. (2020). The role of accelerators in firm survival: An fsQCA analysis of Italian startups. Technovation, 90–91, 102102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Devece, C., Ribeiro-Soriano, D. E., & Palacios-Marqués, D. (2019). Coopetition as the new trend in inter-firm alliances: Literature review and research patterns. Review of Managerial Science, 13, 207–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dimitratos, P., Amoros, J. E., Etchebarne, M. S., & Felzensztein, C. (2014). Micro-multinational or not? International entrepreneurship, networking and learning effects. Journal of Business Research, 67(5), 908–915.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Di Paola, N. (2020). Pathways to academic entrepreneurship: The determinants of female scholars’ entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Technology Transfer, 46, 1417–1441. doi: 10.1007/s10961-020-09824-3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doblinger, C., Dowling, M., & Helm, R. (2016). An institutional perspective of public policy and network effects in the renewable energy industry: Enablers or disablers of entrepreneurial behavior and innovation. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 28(1–2), 126–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donati, S., Zappalà, S., & González-Romá, V. (2016). The influence of friendship and communication network density on individual innovative behaviors: A multilevel study. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 25(4), 583–596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Efendic, A., Mickiewicz, T., & Rebmann, A. (2015). Growth aspirations and social capital: Young firms in a post-conflict environment. International Small Business Journal – Research Entrepreneurship, 33(5), 537–561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eggers, F., Hatak, I., Kraus, S., & Niemand, T. (2017). Technologies that support marketing and market development in SMEs: Evidence from social networks. Journal of Small Business Management, 55(2), 270–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elia, G., Margherita, A., & Passiante, G. (2020). Digital entrepreneurship ecosystem: How digital technologies and collective intelligence are reshaping the entrepreneurial process. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 150, 119791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eller, R., Alford, P., Kallmunzer, A., & Peters, M. (2020). Antecedents, consequences, and challenges of small and medium-sized enterprise digitalization. Journal of Business Research, 112, 119–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Estrada, E. (2010). Quantifying network heterogeneity. Physical Review E, 82(6), 066102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Estrada, I., Faems, D., & De Faria, P. (2016). Coopetition and product innovation performance: The role of internal knowledge sharing mechanisms and formal knowledge protection mechanisms. Industrial Marketing Management, 53, 56–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faccio, M., Marchica, M. T., & Mura, R. (2016). CEO gender, corporate risk-taking, and the efficiency of capital allocation. Journal of Corporate Finance, 39(8), 193–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, M. P., & Francis, J. L. (2004). Homegrown solutions: Fostering cluster formation. Economic Development Quarterly, 18(2), 127–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferris, S. P., Javakhadze, D., & Rajkovic, T. (2017). CEO social capital, risk-taking and corporate policies. Journal of Corporate Finance, 47, 46–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferris, S. P., Javakhadze, D., & Rajkovic, T. (2019). An international analysis of CEO social capital and corporate risk-taking. European Financial Management, 25(1), 3–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fletcher, T. D., Major, D. A., & Davis, D. D. (2008). The interactive relationship of competitive climate and trait competitiveness with workplace attitudes, stress, and performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29, 899–922.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fogel, J., & Nehmad, E. (2009). Internet social network communities: Risk taking, trust, and privacy concerns. Computers in Human Behavior, 25, 153–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frick, J. E., Fremont, V. H. J., Age, L. J., & Osarenkhoe, A. (2020). Digitalization efforts in liminal space – inter-organizational challenges. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 35(1), 150–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garzella, S., Fiorentino, R., Caputo, A., & Lardo, A. (2021). Business model innovation in SMEs: The role of boundaries in the digital era. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 33(1), 31–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gebauer, H., Fleisch, E., Lamprecht, C., & Wortmann, F. (2020). Growth paths for overcoming the digitalization paradox. Business Horizons, 63(3), 313–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilsing, V., Nooteboom, B., Vanhaverbeke, W., Duysters, G., & Van de Oord, A. (2008). Network embeddedness and the exploration of novel technologies: Technological distance, between centrality and density. Research Policy, 37(10), 1717–1731.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Granovetter, M. S. (1992). Problems of explanation in economic sociology. In Nohria, N., & Eccles, R. (Eds.), Networks and organizations: Structure, form and action (pp. 25–56). Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Granovetter, M. S. (1993b). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360–1380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guo, Z., & Jiang, W. (2020). Risk-taking for entrepreneurial new entry: Risk-taking dimensions and contingencies. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 16, 739–781.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammarfjord, M. O., & Roxenhall, T. (2017). The relationships between network commitment, antecedents, and innovation in strategic innovation networks. International Journal of Innovation Management, 21(4), 1–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Han, J., Bose, I., Hu, N., Qi, B., & Tian, G. (2015). Does director interlock impact corporate R&D investment. Decision Support Systems, 71(1), 28–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hannah, D., & Eisenhardt, K. M. (2018). How firms navigate cooperation and competition in nascent ecosystems. Strategic Management Journal, 39(12), 3163–3192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
He, C. F., Lu, J. Y., & Qian, H. F. (2019). Entrepreneurship in China. Small Business Economics, 52(3), 563–572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hemphala, J., & Magnusson, M. (2012). Networks for innovation: But what networks and what innovation. Creativity and Innovation Management, 21, 3–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hernández-Perlines, F., Covin, J. G., & Ribeiro-Soriano, D. E. (2021). Entrepreneurial orientation, concern for socioemotional wealth preservation, and family firm performance. Journal of Business Research, 126, 197–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoang, H., & Antoncic, B. (2003). Network-based research in entrepreneurship: A critical review. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(2), 165–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoang, H., & Yi, A. (2015). Network-based research in entrepreneurship: A decade in review. Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 11(1), 1–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoskisson, R. E., Chirico, F., Zyung, J. Y., & Gambeta, E. (2017). Managerial risk taking a multi-theoretical review and future research agenda. Journal of Management, 43(1), 137–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hou, H., & Shi, Y. (2021). Ecosystem-as-structure and ecosystem-as-coevolution: A constructive examination. Technovation, 100, 102193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsee, C. K., & Weber, E. U. (1999). Cross-national differences in risk preference and lay predictions. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 12, 165–179.3.0.CO;2-N>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsueh, J. W. J., & Gomez-Solorzano, M. (2019). Social tie heterogeneity and firms’ networking strategy. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 43(2), 352–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, Q., Liu, X., & Li, J. (2020). Contextualization of Chinese entrepreneurship research: An overview and some future research directions. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 32, 353–369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hulland, J., Baumgartner, H., & Smith, K. M. (2018). Marketing survey research best practices: Evidence and recommendations from a review of JAMS articles. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 46(1), 92–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iyengar, R. J., & Sundararajan, M. (2020). Is firm innovation associated with corporate governance. International Journal of Innovation Management, 24(3), 2050027.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ketchen, D. J., Boyd, B. K., & Bergh, D. D. (2008). Research methodology in strategic management: Past accomplishments and future challenges. Organizational Research Methods, 11(4), 643–658.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kilduff, M., & Brass, D. J. (2010). Organizational social network research: Core ideas and key debates. Academy of Management Annals, 4(1), 317–357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohtamaki, M., Parida, V., Patel, P. C., & Gebauer, H. (2020). The relationship between digitalization and servitization: The role of servitization in capturing the financial potential of digitalization. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 151, 119804.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kollmann, T., & Stöckmann, C. (2014). Filling the entrepreneurial orientation-performance gap: The mediating effects of exploratory and exploitative innovation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 38(5), 1001–1026.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kreiser, P. M. (2011). Entrepreneurial orientation and organizational learning: The impact of network range and network closure. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(5), 1025–1050.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laeven, L., & Levine, R. (2009). Bank governance, regulation and risk taking. Journal of Financial Economics, 93(2), 259–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lashitew, A. A., Bals, L., & Van Tulder, R. J. M. (2020). Inclusive business at the base of the pyramid: The role of embeddedness for enabling social innovations. Journal of Business Ethics, 162, 421–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, J. K., Choi, J., Kim, C., & Kim, Y. (2014). Social media, network heterogeneity, and opinion polarization. Journal of Communication, 64(4), 702–722.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Y. M., & Yang, C. (2014). The relationship among network ties, organizational agility, and organizational performance: A study of the flat glass industry in Taiwan. Journal of Management & Organization, 20(2), 206–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewellyn, K. B., & Muller-Kahle, M. I. (2020). The corporate board glass ceiling: The role of empowerment and culture in shaping board gender diversity. Journal of Business Ethics, 165, 329–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, N., Huang, Q., Ge, X. Y., He, M., Cui, S. Q., Huang, P. L., … Fung, S. F. (2021). A review of the research progress of social network structure. Complexity, 2021, 6692210. doi: 10.1155/2021/6692210.Google Scholar
Li, B., Li, C., & Wang, L. (2019). Does the shareholding network affect bank's risk-taking behavior? An exploratory study on Chinese commercial banks. Finance Research Letters, 31, 334–348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, E. Y., Liao, C. H., & Yen, H. R. (2013). Co-authorship networks and research impact: A social capital perspective. Research Policy, 42(9), 1515–1530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberman, M. B., & Asaba, S. (2006). Why do firms imitate each other. Academy of Management Review, 31(2), 366–385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberman, M. B., & Montgomery, D. B. (1988). First-mover advantages. Strategic Management Journal, 9, 41–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lim, E. (2018). Social pay reference point, external environment, and risk taking: An integrated behavioral and social psychological view. Journal of Business Research, 82, 68–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, H., Tov, W., & Qiu, L. (2014). Emotional disclosure on social networking sites: The role of network structure and psychological needs. Computers in Human Behavior, 41, 342–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Link, A. N., & Sarala, R. M. (2019). Advancing conceptualisation of university entrepreneurial ecosystems: The role of knowledge-intensive entrepreneurial firms. International Small Business Journal-Research Entrepreneurship, 37(3), 289–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Longest, K. C., & Vaisey, S. (2008). Fuzzy: A program for performing qualitative comparative analyses (QCA) in Stata. The Stata Journal, 8(1), 79–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luo, X., Slotegraaf, R. J., & Pan, X. (2006). Cross-functional ‘coopetition’: The simultaneous role of cooperation and competition within firms. Journal of Marketing, 70, 67–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luu, N., & Ngo, L. V. (2019). Entrepreneurial orientation and social ties in transitional economies. Long Range Planning, 52(1), 103–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ma, H., & Hou, H. (2020). Ecosystem strategy: Who should adopt it and how. Organizational Dynamics. doi: 10.1016/j.orgdyn.2020.100805Google Scholar
Mandel, N. (2003). Shifting selves and decision making: The effects of self-construal priming on consumer risk-taking. Journal of Consumer Research, 30(1), 30–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markose, S., Giansante, S., & Shaghaghi, A. R. (2012). ‘Too interconnected to fail’ financial network of US CDS market: Topological fragility and systemic risk. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 83(3), 627–646.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masiello, B., & Izzo, F. (2019). Interpersonal social networks and internationalization of traditional SMEs. Journal of Small Business Management, 57(2), 658–691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merlino, L. P. (2014). Formal and informal job search. Economics Letters, 125(3), 350–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, D. (1983). The correlates of entrepreneurship in three types of firms. Management Science, 29(7), 770–791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miri-Lavassani, K. (2017). Coopetition and sustainable competitiveness in business ecosystem: A networks analysis of the global telecommunications industry. Transnational Corporations Review, 9(4), 281–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, J. C. (1969). The concept and use of social networks in urban situations. In Mitchell, J. C. (Ed.), Social Networks in Urban Situations (pp. 1–12). Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Nambisan, S., & Baron, R. A. (2021). On the costs of digital entrepreneurship: Role conflict, stress, and venture performance in digital platform-based ecosystems. Journal of Business Research, 125, 520–532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neergaard, H., Shaw, E., & Carter, S. (2005). The impact of gender, social capital and networks on business ownership: A research agenda. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 11(5), 338–357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neumeyer, X., Santos, S. C., & Morris, M. H. (2019). Who is left out: Exploring social boundaries in entrepreneurial ecosystems. Journal of Technology Transfer, 44(2), 462–484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicholson, G. J., Alexander, M., & Kiel, G. C. (2004). Defining the social capital of the board of directors: An exploratory study. Journal of Management & Organization, 10(1), 54–72.Google Scholar
Nicotra, M., Romano, M., Del Giudice, M., & Schillaci, C. E. (2018). The causal relation between entrepreneurial ecosystem and productive entrepreneurship: A measurement framework. Journal of Technology Transfer, 43(3), 640–673.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nonino, F. (2013). The network dimensions of intra-organizational social capital. Journal of Management & Organization, 19(4), 454–477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nordstrom, O. A., & Steier, L. (2015). Social capital: A review of its dimensions and promise for future family enterprise research. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 21(6), 801–813.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nyuur, R. B., Brecic, R., & Debrah, Y. A. (2018). SME international innovation and strategic adaptiveness: The role of domestic network density, centrality and informality. International Marketing Review, 35(2), 280–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen-Smith, J., & Powell, W. (2004). Knowledge networks as channels and conduits: The effects of spillovers in the Boston Biotechnology Community. Organization Science, 15(1), 5–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmer, T., Phadke, S., Nair, M., & Flanagan, D. (2019). Examination of sustainability goals: A comparative study of U.S. and Indian firms. Journal of Management & Organization, 1–22. doi: 10.1017/jmo.2019.9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pitelis, C. (2012). Clusters, entrepreneurial ecosystem co-creation, and appropriability: A conceptual framework. Industrial and Corporate Change, 21(6), 1359–1388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, T. C. (2002). The philosophy of strategy. Strategic Management Journal, 23, 873–880.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Presutti, M., & Odorici, V. (2019). Linking entrepreneurial and market orientation to the SME's performance growth: The moderating role of entrepreneurial experience and networks. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 15, 697–720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Priesemuth, M., Schminke, M., Ambrose, M. L., & Folger, R. (2014). Abusive supervision climate: A multiple-mediation model of its impact on group outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 57, 1513–1534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raza-Ullah, T., & Kostis, A. (2020). Do trust and distrust in coopetition matter to performance. European Management Journal, 38(3), 367–376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reinholt, M., Pedersen, T., & Foss, N. J. (2011). Why a central network position isn't enough: The role of motivation and ability for knowledge sharing in employee networks. Academy of Management Journal, 54(6), 1277–1297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ren, H., & Chen, W. (2021). How personal-life inclusion affects Chinese turnover intention? A moderated mediation model of work interference with family and perceived family demands. Journal of Management & Organization, 27(1), 22–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rialti, R., Marzi, G., Caputo, A., & Mayah, K. A. (2020). Achieving strategic flexibility in the era of big data: The importance of knowledge management and ambidexterity. Management Decision, 58(8), 1585–1600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ritter, T., & Pedersen, C. L. (2020). Digitization capability and the digitalization of business models in business-to-business firms: Past, present, and future. Industrial Marketing Management, 86, 180–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberson, Q. M., & Williamson, I. O. (2012). Justice in self-managing teams: The role of social networks in the emergence of procedural justice climates. Academy of Management Journal, 55(3), 685–701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, S. G. B., Dunbar, R. I. M., Pollet, T. V., & Kuppens, T. (2009). Exploring variation in active network size: Constraints and ego characteristics. Social Networks, 31(2), 138–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rocha, R., Galvão, A. R., Marques, C. S., Mascarenhas, C., & Braga, V. (2020). Cooperation networks and embeddedness – The case of the Portuguese footwear sector. Sustainability, 12(22), 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodriguez-Gutierrez, M. J., Romero, I., & Yu, Z. K. (2020). Guanxi and risk-taking propensity in Chinese immigrants’ businesses. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 16(1), 305–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roig-Tierno, N., Kraus, S., & Cruz, S. (2018). The relation between coopetition and innovation/entrepreneurship. Review of Managerial Science, 12, 379–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenkranz, S., & Weitzel, U. (2012). Network structure and strategic investments: An experimental analysis. Games and Economic Behavior, 75, 898–920.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roundy, P. T., Bradshaw, M., & Brockman, B. K. (2018). The emergence of entrepreneurial ecosystems: A complex adaptive systems approach. Journal of Business Research, 86, 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanders, W., & Hambrick, D. (2007). Swinging for the fences: The effects of CEO stock options on company risk taking and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 50(5), 1055–1078.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanou, F. H., Le Roy, F., & Gnyawali, D. R. (2016). How does centrality in coopetition networks matter? An empirical investigation in the mobile telephone industry. British Journal of Management, 27, 143–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, C. R., Fehrenbacher, D. D., & Weber, E. U. (2017). Catch me if I fall: Cross-national differences in willingness to take financial risks as a function of social and state ‘cushioning’. International Business Review, 26(6), 1023–1033.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, S., Hughes, M., & Ribeiro-Soriano, D. (2021). Towards a network-based view of effective entrepreneurial ecosystems. Review of Managerial Science. doi: 10.1007/s11846-021-00440-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sebora, T. C., & Theerapatvong, T. (2010). Corporate entrepreneurship: A test of external and internal influences on managers' idea generation, risk taking, and proactiveness. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 6(3), 331–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Selander, L., Henfridsson, O., & Svahn, F. (2010). Transforming ecosystem relationships in digital innovation. International Conference for Information Systems, 138, 1–15.Google Scholar
Shane, C., & Cable, D. (2002). Network ties, reputation, and the financing of new venturing. Management Science, 48(3), 364–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharafizad, J., & Coetzer, A. (2017). Women business owners’ start-up motivations and network structure. Journal of Management & Organization, 23(2), 206–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shipilov, A., & Gawer, A. (2020). Integrating research on interorganizational networks and ecosystems. Academy of Management Annals, 14(1), 92–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slotte-Kock, S., & Coviello, N. (2010). Entrepreneurship research on network processes: A review and ways forward. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34(1), 31–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, C. G., & Smith, J. B. (2021). Founders’ use of digital networks for resource acquisition: Extending network theory online. Journal of Business Research, 125, 466–482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Song, A. K. (2019). The digital entrepreneurial ecosystem-a critique and reconfiguration. Small Business Economics, 53, 569–590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spigel, B. (2017). The relational organization of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41, 49–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spigel, B., & Harrison, R. (2018). Toward a process theory of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 12(1), 151–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spurk, D., Keller, A. C., & Hirschi, A. (2019). Competition in career tournaments: Investigating the joint impact of trait competitiveness and competitive psychological climate on objective and subjective career success. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 92, 74–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stam, W., & Elfring, T. (2008). Entrepreneurial orientation and new venture performance: The moderating role of intra- and extra-industry social capital. Academy of Management Journal, 51(1), 97–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stam, E., & Van de Ven, A. (2021). Entrepreneurial ecosystem elements. Small Business Economics, 56(2), 809–832.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, W. H., & Roth, P. L. (2001). Risk propensity differences between entrepreneurs and managers: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 145–163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stuart, T. E., & Sorenson, O. (2007). Strategic networks and entrepreneurial ventures. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1(3–4), 211–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Su, W., & Lee, C. Y. (2013). Effects of corporate governance on risk taking in Taiwanese family firms during institutional reform. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 30(3), 809–828.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Su, K., & Liu, H. (2019). The effect of interlocking director network on corporate risk taking: Lessons from China. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 9(1), 1–21.Google Scholar
Suseno, Y., & Ratten, V. (2007). A theoretical framework of alliance performance: The role of trust, social capital and knowledge development. Journal of Management & Organization, 13(1), 4–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sussan, F., & Acs, Z. J. (2017). The digital entrepreneurial ecosystem. Small Business Economics, 49(1), 55–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szerb, L., Lafuente, E., Horváth, K., & Páger, B. (2019). The relevance of quantity and quality entrepreneurship for regional performance: The moderating role of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Regional Studies, 53(9), 1308–1320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics. New York: Harper Collins College Publishers.Google Scholar
Tan, J. (2001). Innovation and risk-taking in a transitional economy: A comparative study of Chinese managers and entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(4), 359–376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tang, J. T., Tang, Z., Marino, L. D., Zhang, Y. L., & Li, Q. W. (2008). Exploring an inverted U-shape relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and performance in Chinese ventures. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(1), 219–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Theodoraki, C., Messeghem, K., & Audretsch, D. B. (2020). The effectiveness of incubators' co-opetition strategy in the entrepreneurial ecosystem: Empirical evidence from France. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management. doi: 10.1109/TEM.2020.3034476CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tichy, N. M., Tushman, M. L., & Fombrun, C. (1979). Social network analysis for organizations. Academy of Management Review, 4(4), 507–519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsai, H. F., & Luan, C. J. (2016). What makes firms embrace risks? A risk-taking capability perspective. BRQ-Business Research Quarterly, 19(3), 219–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ullah, I., Hameed, R., Kayani, N., & Fazal, Y. (2019). CEO ethical leadership and corporate social responsibility: Examining the mediating role of organizational ethical culture and intellectual capital. Journal of Management & Organization, 1–21. doi: 10.1017/jmo.2019.48CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Praag, C. M., & Versloot, P. H. (2007). What is the value of entrepreneurship? A review of recent research. Small Business Economics, 29, 351–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vedula, S., & Fitza, M. (2019). Regional recipes: A configurational analysis of the regional entrepreneurial ecosystem for U.S. venture capital-backed startups. Strategy Science, 4(1), 4–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walumbwa, F. O., & Schaubroeck, J. (2009). Leader personality traits and employee voice behavior: Mediating roles of ethical leadership and work group psychological safety. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(5), 1275–1286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, C. L., & Altinay, L. (2012). Social embeddedness, entrepreneurial orientation and firm growth in ethnic minority small business in UK. International Small Business Journal-Researching Entrepreneurship, 30(1), 3–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Z., Tjosvold, D., Chen, Y. F. N., & Luo, Z. (2014). Cooperative goals and team performance: Examining the effects of advice network. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 31(3), 835–852.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, T., Yang, J., & Zhang, F. (2021). The effects of organizational controls on innovation models: An ambidexterity perspective. Journal of Management & Organization, 27(1), 106–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watanabe, C., Kondo, R., Ouchi, N., & Wei, H. (2004). A substitution orbit model of competitive innovations. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 71, 365–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welter, F. (2011). Contextualizing entrepreneurship – Conceptual challenges and ways forward. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 35(1), 165–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welter, F., Baker, T., Audretsch, D. B., & Gartner, W. B. (2017). Everyday entrepreneurship – A call for entrepreneurship research to embrace entrepreneurial diversity. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41(3), 311–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiklund, J., & Shepherd, D. (2003). Knowledge-based resources, EO, and the performance of small and medium-sized businesses. Strategic Management Journal, 24(13), 1307–1314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wong, S. S., & Boh, W. F. (2010). Leveraging the ties of others to build a reputation for trustworthiness among peers. Academy of Management Journal, 53(1), 129–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, L., Liu, H., & Zhang, J. (2017). Bricolage effect on new-product development speed and creativity: The moderating role of technological turbulence. Journal of Business Research, 70, 127–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, J., & Zhang, M. (2021). The value of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial ecosystem: Evidence from 265 cities in China. Growth and Change. doi: 10.1111/grow.12543CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yeh, Q. J., & Xu, X. J. (2010). The effect of Confucian work ethics on learning about science and technology knowledge and morality. Journal of Business Ethics, 95(1), 111–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yin, M., Hughes, M., & Hu, Q. (2021). Entrepreneurial orientation and new venture resource acquisition: Why context matters. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 38, 1369–1398. doi: 10.1007/s10490-020-09718-w.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zahra, S. A. (1993). A conceptual model of entrepreneurship as firm behavior: A critique and extension. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 17(4), 5–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, J., Ji, M., Anwar, C., Li, Q., & Fu, G. (2020). Cross-level impact of team goal orientation and individual goal orientation on individual creativity. Journal of Management & Organization, 26(5), 677–699.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, Y., Wang, V. L., Wang, Y. J., & Nastos, J. (2020). Business-to-business referral as digital coopetition strategy. Insights from an industry-wise digital business network. European Journal of Marketing, 54(6), 1181–1203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar