Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T23:39:12.071Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Defect density measurements in shocked single crystal ammonium perchlorate by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 January 2011

B.C. Beard ,
H.W. Sandusky ,
B.C. Glancy  and
W.L. Elban
B.C. Beard
Affiliation:
Naval Surface Warfare Center, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903
H.W. Sandusky
Affiliation:
Naval Surface Warfare Center, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903
B.C. Glancy
Affiliation:
Naval Surface Warfare Center, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903
W.L. Elban
Affiliation:
Department of Electrical Engineering and Engineering Science, Loyola College, Baltimore, Maryland 21210
Get access

Abstract

The linewidths of x-ray photoelectron spectra have been correlated with dislocation densities in a shock-damaged crystal of ammonium perchlorate (AP). A centimeter-size AP crystal was loaded at several sites with a diamond pyramid (Vickers) indenter, creating localized strain centers. The crystal was nonuniformly damaged by a rapidly decaying shock (peak pressure of 24.4 kbar at the entry surface), recovered intact, and cleaved through the indentations. The cleaved planes permitted interior analysis of the crystal by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) over a pattern of 1 mm by 1 mm areas. The linewidth of the Cl(2p3/2) spectra ranged from 1.70 eV for the region of greatest visible damage to 1.22 eV for the region of no visible damage, the same linewidth as that obtained for unshocked AP (control). The observed damage was compared to photographs in the literature of gamma-ray irradiated AP crystals, for which dislocation densities were reported. This provided an approximate correlation of dislocation density versus XPS linewidth. The correlation was refined by chemically etching and determining densities on another cleaved plane in the recovered crystal. By this technique, a ∼100X increase in dislocation density was determined for the region of greatest shock damage relative to an unshocked crystal. The strain fields associated with the impressions were found to enhance perchlorate decomposition when driven by shock. Distortion of the molecular lattice in the vicinity of a dislocation is the physical mechanism responsible for the broadening of the photoelectron lines. Ab initio calculations of the Cl(2p) energy level in the perchlorate anion predicted variations of 0.1 to 0.46 eV. Variations of this magnitude are sufficient to produce the observed linewidth broadening.

Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 7 , Issue 12 , December 1992 , pp. 3266 - 3274
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1Elban, W.L., Sandusky, H.W., Beard, B.C., and Glancy, B.C., submitted to J. Appl. Phys.Google Scholar
2Beard, B. C., Sandusky, H., Glancy, B. C., Elban, W., and Sharma, J., Proc. of The American Physical Society Topical Conf. on Shock Compression in Condensed Matter (North-Holland, New York, 1992), pp. 571–574.Google Scholar
3Herley, P. J. and Levy, P. W., Proc. 7th Int. Symp. on the Reactivity of Solids (Chapman & Hall, London, 1972), p. 387.Google Scholar
4Herley, P.J. and Levy, P.W., Proc. of American Nuclear Soc. AIAA Conf. on Natural and Man-made Radiation in Space, NASA Tech. Memorandum X-2440 (1972), p. 584.Google Scholar
5Hofmann, S. and III, J.H. Thomas, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. Bl, 43 (1983).Google Scholar
6Ajioka, T. and Ushio, S., Appl. Phys. Lett. 48, 1398 (1986).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7Grunthaner, F. J., Grunthaner, P. J., Vasquez, R. P., Lewis, B. F., Maserjian, J., and Madhukar, A., Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 1683 (1979).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8Grunthaner, F.J., Grunthaner, P.J., Vasquez, R.P., Lewis, B.F., Maserjian, J., and Madhukar, A., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 16, 1443 (1979).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9Lascovich, J. C., Giorgi, R., and Scaglione, S., Appl. Surf. Sci. 47, 17 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10Riviere, J. C., Crossley, J. A. A., and Sexton, B. A., J. Appl. Phys. 64, 4585 (1988).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11Sandusky, H.W., Glancy, B.C., Carlson, D.W., Elban, W.L., and Armstrong, R. W., Proc. 9th Symp. (Int.) on Detonation August 28-September 1, 1989, OCNR–113291–7, p. 1260.Google Scholar
12Elban, W. L., Coyne, P. J. Jr., Sandusky, H. W., Glancy, B. C., Carlson, D. W., and Armstrong, R. W., NSWC-MP-88-178, White Oak, MD, April 1988.Google Scholar
13Beard, B. C., Surf. Sci. Spectra 1 (1), 91 (1992).Google Scholar
14Private communication, Ritchie, J., Los Alamos National Laboratory, T-14, Los Alamos, NM.Google Scholar
15Cotton, F. Albert, Chemical Applications of Group Theory (Inter-science Publishers, 1963).Google Scholar