Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T05:38:34.025Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Microstructural heterogeneity and mechanical anisotropy of 18Ni-330 maraging steel fabricated by selective laser melting: The effect of build orientation and height

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 June 2020

Yi Yao ,
Kaiwen Wang ,
Xiaoqing Wang ,
Lin Li ,
Wenjun Cai ,
Samuel Kelly ,
Natalia Esparragoza ,
Matthew Rosser  and
Feng Yan
Yi Yao
Affiliation:
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL35401, USA
Kaiwen Wang
Affiliation:
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA24061, USA
Xiaoqing Wang*
Affiliation:
Department of Applied Engineering, Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, AL36265, USA The Center for Manufacturing Support, Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, AL36265, USA
Lin Li*
Affiliation:
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL35401, USA
Wenjun Cai*
Affiliation:
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA24061, USA
Samuel Kelly
Affiliation:
Department of Applied Engineering, Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, AL36265, USA The Center for Manufacturing Support, Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, AL36265, USA
Natalia Esparragoza
Affiliation:
Department of Applied Engineering, Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, AL36265, USA The Center for Manufacturing Support, Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, AL36265, USA
Matthew Rosser
Affiliation:
Department of Applied Engineering, Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, AL36265, USA The Center for Manufacturing Support, Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, AL36265, USA
Feng Yan
Affiliation:
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL35401, USA
*
a)Address all correspondence to these authors. e-mail: xwang@jsu.edu
b)e-mail: lin.li@eng.ua.edu
c)e-mail:caiw@vt.edu
Get access

Abstract

Distinguished by a marked combination of high strength and high fracture toughness, 18Ni-300 maraging steel (MS) is widely used for intricate tool and die applications. MS is also amenable to the powder bed fusion additive manufacturing process, providing unique opportunities to make small features and incorporate cooling channels in molds. In this study, tensile test samples were fabricated using selective laser melting to investigate the effects of built height and orientations on the evolution of the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the samples. The microstructure of the as-fabricated samples consists of the primary α-martensite phase and fine cellular microstructure (~0.66–0.83 μm) with the retained austenite γ-phase aggregated at the boundaries of the cells, resulting in an enhanced mechanical performance compared with traditional counterparts under the same condition (without post-heat treatments). Random grain orientations with weak textures are revealed in all samples. The XY-built samples display better tensile performance when compared to the Z-built samples due to the fine grain sizes and the retained γ phase. The bottom of the Z-built sample exhibits a higher hardness than other parts of the sample, which could be attributed to its finer cellular structure.

Keywords

steelmicrostructurestrength
Type
Article
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 35 , Issue 15: Focus Issue: Additive Manufacturing of Metals: Complex Microstructures and Architecture Design , 14 August 2020 , pp. 2065 - 2076
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

A. Standard: Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing Technologies (ASTM International F2792-12a, West Conshohocken, PA, 2012).Google Scholar
Wang, X. and Chou, K.: Effect of support structures on Ti-6Al-4 V overhang parts fabricated by powder bed fusion electron beam additive manufacturing. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 257, 65 (2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Z., Guan, K., Gao, M., Li, X., Chen, X., and Zeng, X.: The microstructure and mechanical properties of deposited-IN718 by selective laser melting. J. Alloys Compd. 513, 518 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, X., Keya, T., and Chou, K.: Build height effect on the Inconel 718 parts fabricated by selective laser melting. Procedia Manuf. 5, 1006 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramkumar, K.D., Kumar, B.M., Krishnan, M.G., Dev, S., Bhalodi, A.J., Arivazhagan, N., and Narayanan, S.: Studies on the weldability, microstructure and mechanical properties of activated flux TIG weldments of Inconel 718. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 639, 234 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ma, D., Stoica, A.D., Wang, Z., and Beese, A.M.: Crystallographic texture in an additively manufactured nickel-base superalloy. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 684, 47 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qian, Z., Chumbley, S., and Johnson, E.: The effect of specimen dimension on residual stress relaxation of carburized and quenched steels. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 529, 246 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santos, L., Borrego, L., Ferreira, J., de Jesus, J., Costa, J., and Capela, C.: Effect of heat treatment on the fatigue crack growth behaviour in additive manufactured AISI 18Ni300 steel. Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech. 102, 10 (2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Åsberg, M., Fredriksson, G., Hatami, S., Fredriksson, W., and Krakhmalev, P.: Influence of post treatment on microstructure, porosity and mechanical properties of additive manufactured H13 tool steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 742, 584 (2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azizi, H., Ghiaasiaan, R., Prager, R., Ghoncheh, M., Samk, K.A., Lausic, A., Byleveld, W., and Phillion, A.: Metallurgical and mechanical assessment of hybrid additively-manufactured maraging tool steels via selective laser melting. Addit. Manuf. 27, 389 (2019).Google Scholar
Jägle, E.A., Choi, P.-P., Van Humbeeck, J., and Raabe, D.: Precipitation and austenite reversion behavior of a maraging steel produced by selective laser melting. J. Mater. Res. 29, 2072 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodziak, S., Al-Rubaie, K.S., Dalla Valentina, L., Lafratta, F.H., Santos, E.C., Zanatta, A.M., and Chen, Y.: Precipitation in 300 grade maraging steel built by selective laser melting: Aging at 510 C for 2 h. Mater. Charact. 151, 73 (2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tan, C., Zhou, K., Ma, W., Zhang, P., Liu, M., and Kuang, T.: Microstructural evolution, nanoprecipitation behavior and mechanical properties of selective laser melted high-performance grade 300 maraging steel. Mater. Des. 134, 23 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, C., Cai, Z., Dai, Y., Huang, N., Xu, F., and Lao, C.: Experimental comparison of the flow rate and cooling performance of internal cooling channels fabricated via selective laser melting and conventional drilling process. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 96, 2757 (2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bai, Y., Yang, Y., Xiao, Z., and Wang, D.: Selective laser melting of maraging steel: Mechanical properties development and its application in mold. Rapid Prototyp. J. 24, 623 (2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suzuki, A., Nishida, R., Takata, N., Kobashi, M., and Kato, M.: Design of laser parameters for selectively laser melted maraging steel based on deposited energy density. Addit. Manuf. 28, 160 (2019).Google Scholar
Qian, Z., Chumbley, S., Karakulak, T., and Johnson, E.: The residual stress relaxation behavior of weldments during cyclic loading. Metall. Mat. Trans. A 44, 3147 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mutua, J., Nakata, S., Onda, T., and Chen, Z.-C.: Optimization of selective laser melting parameters and influence of post heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of maraging steel. Mater. Des. 139, 486 (2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conde, F.F., Escobar, J.D., Oliveira, J., Béreš, M., Jardini, A.L., Bose, W.W., and Avila, J.A.: Effect of thermal cycling and aging stages on the microstructure and bending strength of a selective laser melted 300-grade maraging steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 758, 192 (2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casati, R., Lemke, J.N., Tuissi, A., and Vedani, M.: Aging behaviour and mechanical performance of 18-Ni 300 steel processed by selective laser melting. Metals 6, 218 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monkova, K., Zetkova, I., Kučerová, L., Zetek, M., Monka, P., and Daňa, M.: Study of 3D printing direction and effects of heat treatment on mechanical properties of MS1 maraging steel. Arch. Appl. Mech. 89, 791 (2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mooney, B., Kourousis, K.I., and Raghavendra, R.: Plastic anisotropy of additively manufactured maraging steel: Influence of the build orientation and heat treatments. Addit. Manuf. 25, 19 (2019).Google Scholar
Tan, C., Zhou, K., Kuang, M., Ma, W., and Kuang, T.: Microstructural characterization and properties of selective laser melted maraging steel with different build directions. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 19, 746 (2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yin, S., Chen, C., Yan, X., Feng, X., Jenkins, R., O'Reilly, P., Liu, M., Li, H., and Lupoi, R.: The influence of aging temperature and aging time on the mechanical and tribological properties of selective laser melted maraging 18Ni-300 steel. Addit. Manuf. 22, 592 (2018).Google Scholar
Bai, Y., Wang, D., Yang, Y., and Wang, H.: Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of maraging steel by selective laser melting. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 760, 105 (2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
EOS GmbH: Material Data Sheet EOSINT M 280 EOSINT M 270 (2011). http://ip-saas-eos-cms.s3.amazonaws.com/public/1af123af9a636e61/042696652ecc69142c8518dc772dc113/EOS_MaragingSteel_MS1_en.pdfGoogle Scholar
Wang, Z., Palmer, T.A., and Beese, A.M.: Effect of processing parameters on microstructure and tensile properties of austenitic stainless steel 304L made by directed energy deposition additive manufacturing. Acta Mater. 110, 226 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, P., Huang, P., Ng, F.L., Sin, W.J., Lu, S., Nai, M.L.S., Dong, Z., and Wei, J.: Additively manufactured CoCrFeNiMn high-entropy alloy via pre-alloyed powder. Mater. Des. 168, 107576 (2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, P., Song, J., Nai, M.L.S., and Wei, J.: Experimental analysis of additively manufactured component and design guidelines for lightweight structures: A case study using electron beam melting. Addit. Manuf. 33, 101088 (2020).Google Scholar
Kaplan, A.: A model of deep penetration laser welding based on calculation of the keyhole profile. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 27, 1805 (1994).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panwisawas, C., Perumal, B., Ward, R.M., Turner, N., Turner, R.P., Brooks, J.W., and Basoalto, H.C.: Keyhole formation and thermal fluid flow-induced porosity during laser fusion welding in titanium alloys: Experimental and modelling. Acta Mater. 126, 251 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, P., Goh, M.H., Li, Q., Nai, M.L.S., and Wei, J.J.V.: Effect of defects and specimen size with rectangular cross-section on the tensile properties of additively manufactured components. Virtual and Physical Prototyping 1, 1 (2020).Google Scholar
Li, P., Warner, D., Pegues, J., Roach, M., Shamsaei, N., and Phan, N.: Investigation of the mechanisms by which hot isostatic pressing improves the fatigue performance of powder bed fused Ti-6Al-4 V. Int. J. Fatigue 120, 342 (2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lu, S.L., Tang, H.P., Nai, S.M.L., Sun, Y.Y., Wang, P., Wei, J., and Qian, M.: Intensified texture in selective electron beam melted Ti-6Al-4 V thin plates by hot isostatic pressing and its fundamental influence on tensile fracture and properties. Mater. Charact. 152, 162 (2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, X. and Chou, K.: Effects of thermal cycles on the microstructure evolution of Inconel 718 during selective laser melting process. Addit. Manuf. 18, 1 (2017).Google Scholar
Holland, S., Wang, X., Chen, J., Cai, W., Yan, F., and Li, L.: Multiscale characterization of microstructures and mechanical properties of Inconel 718 fabricated by selective laser melting. J. Alloys Compd. 784, 182 (2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, X. and Chou, K.: Microstructure simulations of Inconel 718 during selective laser melting using a phase field model. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 100, 2147 (2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, E.: The deformation and ageing of mild steel: III discussion of results. Proc. Phys. Soc. B 64, 747 (1951).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hozoorbakhsh, A., Ismail, M.I.S., and Aziz, N.B.A.: A computational analysis of heat transfer and fluid flow in high-speed scanning of laser micro-welding. Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 68, 178 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tan, H., Luo, Z., Li, Y., Yan, F., Duan, R., and Huang, Y.: Effect of strengthening particles on the dry sliding wear behavior of Al2O3–M7C3/Fe metal matrix composite coatings produced by laser cladding. Wear 324, 36 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Todaro, C., Easton, M., Qiu, D., Zhang, D., Bermingham, M., Lui, E., Brandt, M., StJohn, D., and Qian, M.: Grain structure control during metal 3D printing by high-intensity ultrasound. Nat. Commun. 11, 1 (2020).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carter, L.N., Martin, C., Withers, P.J., and Attallah, M.M.: The influence of the laser scan strategy on grain structure and cracking behaviour in SLM powder-bed fabricated nickel superalloy. J. Alloys Compd. 615, 338 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kučerová, L., Zetková, I., Jandová, A., and Bystrianský, M.: Microstructural characterisation and in-situ straining of additive-manufactured X3NiCoMoTi 18-9-5 maraging steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 750, 70 (2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mooney, B., Kourousis, K.I., Raghavendra, R., and Agius, D.: Process phenomena influencing the tensile and anisotropic characteristics of additively manufactured maraging steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 745, 115 (2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meneghetti, G., Rigon, D., Cozzi, D., Waldhauser, W., and Dabalà, M.: Influence of build orientation on static and axial fatigue properties of maraging steel specimens produced by additive manufacturing. Procedia Struct. Integr. 7, 149 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, T.H. and Dimitrov, D.: The achievable mechanical properties of SLM produced maraging steel 300 components. Rapid Prototyp. J. 22, 487 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suryawanshi, J., Prashanth, K., and Ramamurty, U.: Tensile, fracture, and fatigue crack growth properties of a 3D printed maraging steel through selective laser melting. J. Alloys Compd. 725, 355 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renishaw: Maraging Steel M300 Powder for Additive Manufacturing (2017); p. 1. http://resources.renishaw.com/en/download/data-sheet-maraging-steel-m300-for-400-w-powder-for-additive-manufacturing--96326.Google Scholar
Bai, Y., Yang, Y., Wang, D., and Zhang, M.: Influence mechanism of parameters process and mechanical properties evolution mechanism of maraging steel 300 by selective laser melting. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 703, 116 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tian, J., Huang, Z., Qi, W., Li, Y., Liu, J., and Hu, G.: Dependence of microstructure, relative density and hardness of 18Ni-300 maraging steel fabricated by selective laser melting on the energy density. In Advances in Materials Processing: Proceedings of Chinese Materials Conference 2017 (Springer, Singapore, 2018); p. 229.Google Scholar
Demir, A.G. and Previtali, B.: Investigation of remelting and preheating in SLM of 18Ni300 maraging steel as corrective and preventive measures for porosity reduction. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 93, 2697 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roy, L.: Variation in Mechanical Behavior due to Different Build Directions of Ti6Al4 V Fabricated by Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing Technology (University of Alabama Libraries, Tuscaloosa, AL, 2013).Google Scholar
EOS GmbH: Material Data Sheet EOS M 290 – EOS Maraging Steel MS1 (2017); p. 1. https://cdn.eos.info/1deee2b550955632/b3615b80c80a/MS-MS1-M290_Material_data_sheet_10-17_en.pdf.Google Scholar
E. ASTM: Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials. Annual Book of ASTM Standards. (ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 2001).Google Scholar
A. Standard: E8. Standard Test Method for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials (ASTM, West Conshohocken, USA, 2004).Google Scholar