Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T06:54:13.875Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Pyroelectricity versus conductivity in soft lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 January 2011

Talal M. Kamel  and
G. de With
Talal M. Kamel
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
G. de With*
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: G.deWith@tue.nl
Get access

Abstract

The electrical behavior of modified soft lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics has been studied as a function of temperature at different direct current (dc) electric fields and grain sizes. As ferroelectrics, such as PZT, are highly polarizable materials, poling, depolarization, and electric conduction contribute to the total electrical current, which leads to anomalous electrical behavior as a function of temperature. The PZT appeared to have a high pyroelectric coefficient, and it was found that the displacement current hides the conduction current near room temperature. The (long-time) steady-state electrical resistivity of the soft PZT used has a typical, relatively high value of 3.6 × 1012 Ω·cm near room temperature. The resistivity above the Curie temperature was two orders of magnitude lower than the room temperature. The resistivity decreases with increasing grain size probably due to the increased Pb vacancy concentration resulting as a consequence of a higher sintering temperature. The values of activation energies suggest that the charge carriers at high temperature are mainly oxygen vacancies. At intermediate temperature, the electrical behavior is controlled by the counteracting effect of depolarization and conduction. Considering the pyroelectric effect and the conduction, it was thus possible to explain the electrical behavior of this soft PZT ceramic over the temperature range considered.

Keywords

FerroelectricityPiezoelectricElectrical properties
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 22 , Issue 12 , December 2007 , pp. 3448 - 3454
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1Jaffe, B., Cook, W.R.Jaffe, H.: Piezoelectric Ceramics Academic Press New York 1971Google Scholar
2Northrop, D.A.: Vaporization of lead zirconate–lead titanate materials. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 50, 441 1967Google Scholar
3Holman, R.L.Fulrath, R.M.: Intrinsic nonstoichiometry in single-phase Pb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 55, 192 1972Google Scholar
4Gerson, R.: Variation in ferroelectric characteristics of lead zirconate titanate ceramics due to minor chemical modifications. J. Appl. Phys. 31, 188 1960CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5Gerson, R.Jaffe, H.: Electrical conductivity in lead titanate zirconate ceramics. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 24, 979 1963CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6Takahashi, M.: Electrical resistivity of lead zirconate titanate ceramics containing impurities. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 10, 643 1971Google Scholar
7Wu, L., Wu, T-S., Wei, C-C.Liu, H-C.: Piezoelectric properties of modified PZT ceramics. J. Phys. E 16, 2813 1983Google Scholar
8Al-Shareef, H.N.Dimos, D.: Leakage and reliability characteristics of lead zirconate titanate thin-film capacitors. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 80, 3127 1997CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9Nodliisky, M.M., Toshev, S.D.Vasileva, T.K.: Electric conductivity and dielectric properties of ferroelectric PZT ceramics doped with Cr2O3. Phys. Status Solidi 54, K145 1979CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10Setter, N.: Piezoelectric Materials in Devices Ceramics Laboratory EPFL 2003Google Scholar
11Waser, R., Baiatu, T.Härdtl, K.: DC electrical degradation of perovskite-type titanates: II. Single crystals. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 73, 1645 1990CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12Kamel, T.M., Kools, F.X.N.M.de With, G.: Poling of soft piezoceramic PZT. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 27, 2471 2007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13Hu, H.Krupanidhi, S.B.: Current-voltage characteristics of ultrafine-grained ferroelectric Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 thin films. J. Mater. Res. 9, 1484 1994CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14Jonscher, A.K.: Dielectric Relaxation in Solids Chelsea Dielectrics London 1983Google Scholar
15Merz, W.J.: Domain formation and domain wall motions in ferroelectric BaTiO3 single crystals. Phys. Rev. 95, 690 1954CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16Lines, M.E.Glass, A.M.: Principles and Applications of Ferroelectrics and Related Materials Clarendon Press Oxford 1977Google Scholar
17Zhu, Z., Zheng, N., Li, G.Yin, Q.: Dielectric and electrical conductivity properties of PMS-PZT ceramics. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 89, 717 2006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18Dih, J.J., Biswas, D.R.Fulrath, R.M.: Effect of voids on the electrical resistivity in lead zirconate titanate ceramics. J. Mater. Sci. 16, 3220 1981CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19Hench, L.L.West, J.K.: Principles of Electronic Ceramics Wiley New York 1990 139Google Scholar
20Kröger, F.A.Vink, H.J.: Solid State Physics, Vol. 3 edited by F. Seitz and D. Turnbull Academic Press New York 1956 307Google Scholar
21Kamel, T.M.de With, G.: Grain size effect on the poling of soft Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 ferroelectric ceramics. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. (2007, in press)Google Scholar
22Dih, J.J.Fulrath, R.M.: Electrical conductivity in lead zirconate– titanate ceramics. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 61, 448 1978Google Scholar
23Boukamp, B.A., Pham, M.T.N., Blank, D.H.A.Bouwmeester, H.J.M.: Ionic and electronic conductivity in lead– zirconate–titanate (PZT). Solid State Ionics 170, 239 2004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24Dimos, D., Schwartz, R.W.Lockwood, S.J.: Control of leakage resistance in Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 thin films by donor doping. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 77, 3000 1994CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25Furman, E., Gu, W.Cross, L.E.: Electrical Properties of PLZT 9.5/65/ 35 Ceramics, IEEE Int. Symp. Appl. Ferroelectr.,7, 1991 588Google Scholar
26Barranco, A.P., Pinar, F.C.Martinez, O.P.: Pyroelectricity and mechanisms of conductivity in PbZr0.53Ti0.47O3 + 2.5 mol% La2O3 ferroelectric ceramics. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 20, 1439 2001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27Donnelly, N.J., Shrout, T.R.Randall, C.A.: Addition of a Sr, K, Nb (SKN) combination to PZT(53/47) for high strain applications. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 90, 490 2007Google Scholar
28Lappalainen, J.Lantto, V.: Extrinsic conductivity in ferroelectric PZT film capacitors made by laser ablation deposition. Phys. Scr. T79, 220 1999Google Scholar