Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T12:31:19.741Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Freedom and Control — “Big Me and Little Me”: A Chinese Perspective for Counsellors

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 September 2015

Angela Back*
Affiliation:
Griffith University, Australia
Michelle Barker
Affiliation:
Griffith University, Australia
*
Angela Back, 28 Marmindie St, Chapel Hill, QLD 4069, Australia.
Get access

Abstract

This paper is based upon a study of issues of self and identity of Chinese students in an Australian high school and uses indigenous concepts mainly drawn from the work of Hong Kong psychologists. Research was initiated because identity appeared to be developing in a different way for Chinese students compared with their Anglo-Australian counterparts. The case study of Chinese Year 12 students provided a framework for understanding and counselling Chinese students. It is this framework that is discussed first. Second, a concept of self — Big Me and Little Me — is presented as a way of conceptualising the tensions of interdependent functioning. Finally, implications for counsellors and general issues emerging in the counselling situation are discussed.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2002

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbott, K.A. (1970). Harmony and individualism. Taipei: Orient Culture Service.Google Scholar
Back, A. (1997). Career counselling with Chinese students. In Patton, W. & McMahon, M. (Eds.), Career development in practice: A systems theory perspective (pp. 105116). Sydney: New Hobsons Press.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. (1987). How the self became a problem: a psychological review of historical research. journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(1), 163176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monographs, 4(1, Part 2).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bond, M.H. (1991). Beyond the Chinese face. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bond, M.H., & Hwang, K.K. (1986). The social psychology of the Chinese people. In Bond, M.H. (Ed.), The psychology of the Chinese people (pp. 213266). Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bond, M.H., & Wang, S.H. (1983). China: Aggressive behaviour and the problem of maintaining order and harmony. In Goldstein, A.P. & Segall, M. (Eds.), Global perspectives on aggression (pp. 5874,). New York: Pergamon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chao, R. (1996). Chinese and European American mothers' beliefs about the role of parenting in children's school success. Journal of Crosscultural Psychology, 27(4), 403423.Google Scholar
Chao, R.K., & Sue, S. (1996). Chinese parental influence and their children's school success: A paradox in the literature on parenting styles. In Lau, S. (Ed.) Growing up the Chinese way: Chinese child and adolescent development (pp. 93120). Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.Google Scholar
Chiu, L.H. (1987). Child-rearing attitudes of Chinese, Chinese American, and Anglo-American mothers. International Journal of Psychology, 22, 409419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dien, D.S.F. (1983). Brief communications: Big Me and Little Me: A Chinese perspective on self. Psychiatry, 46, 281286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erikson, E.H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. London: Faber & Faber.Google Scholar
Feather, N.T. (1986). Value systems across cultures: Australia and China. International Journal of Psychology, 21, 697715.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fei, X.T. (1953). China's gentry: Essays in rural–urban relations. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Gabrenya, W.K., & Hwang, K.K. (1996). Chinese social interaction: harmony and hierarchy on the good earth. In Bond, M.H. (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology (pp. 309321,). Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Goodwin, R. & Tang, K.S.K. (1996). Chinese personal relationships. In Bond, M.H. (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology (pp. 294308). Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ho, D.Y.F. (1988). Asian psychology: A dialogue on indigenization and beyond. In Paranjpe, A.C., Ho, D.Y.F., & Rieber, R.N. (Eds.), Asian contributions to psychology (pp. 5377). New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Ho, D.Y.F. (1991). Relational orientation and methodological individualism. Bulletin of the Hong Kong Psychological Association, 26/27, 8195.Google Scholar
Ho, D.Y.F. (1994). Filial piety, authoritarian moralism and cognitive conservatism in Chinese societies, Genetic, Social and General Psychology Monographs, 120(3), 347365.Google ScholarPubMed
Ho, D.Y.F. (1996). Filial piety and its psychological consequences, in Bond, M.H. (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology (pp. 155165). Oxford University Press: Hong Kong.Google Scholar
Ho, D.Y.F., Chan, S.F.F., Peng, S.Q. & Ng, A.K. (2001). The dialogical self: Converging East–West constructions. Culture and Psychology, 7(3), 393408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofstede, G. (1983). Dimensions of national cultures in fifty countries and three regions. In Deregowski, J.B., Dziurawiec, S., & Annis, R.C. (Eds.), Expectations in Crosscultural Psychology (pp. 335355). Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger.Google Scholar
Hu, H.C. (1956). The Chinese concept of face. In Haring, D.G. (Ed.), Personal character and culture milieu (pp. 447467). Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Ishiyama, F.I., & Westwood, M.J. (1992). Enhancing client-validating communication: helping discouraged clients in crosscultural adjustment. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 20, 5063.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lau, S. (1992) Collectivism's individualism: Value preference, personal control, and the desire for freedom among Chinese in Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Singapore, Personality and Individual Difference, 13(3), 361366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lau, S. (1996). Self concept development: Is there a concept of self in Chinese culture? In Lau, S. (Ed.), Growing up the Chinese way: Chinese child and adolescent development (pp. 357374). Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.Google Scholar
Leong, F. (1993). The career counselling process with radical/ethnic minorities: The case of Asian Americans. Career Development Quarterly, 42, 2640.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, Y.T. (1939). My country and my people. London: William Heinemann.Google Scholar
Lu, X. (1985). Selected works (3rd ed.) (Xiangyi, Y & Yang, G. Trans.). Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. (Original Work published 1933).Google Scholar
Magen, Z. (1998). Exploring adolescent happiness: Commitment, purpose and fulfillment. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Marcia, J.E. (1980). Identity in adolescence. In Adelson, J. (Ed.), The handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 159187). New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Noller, P. & Callan, V.J. (1991). The adolescent in the family. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Redding, S.G. (1990). The spirit of Chinese capitalism. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saari, J.L. (1982). Breaking the hold of tradition: The self–group interface in transitional China. In Greenhunt, S.L., Wilson, R.W., Wilson, R.A. (Eds.), Social interaction in Chinese society (pp. 2966). New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Saari, J.L. (1990). Legacies of childhood: Growing up Chinese in a time of crisis, 1890–1920. Cambridge, MA: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Steinberg, L., Dornbusch, S.M., & Brown, B.B. (1992). Ethnic differences in adolescent achievement: An ecological perspective. American Psychologist, 47(6), 723729.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stewart, S.M., Bond, M.H., Kennard, B.D., Ho, L.M., & Zaman, R.M. (2002). Does the Chinese construct of guan export to the West? International journal of Psychology, 37(2), 7482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tu, W.M. (1985). Selfhood and otherness in Confucian thought. In Marsella, A.J., De Vos, G., & Hsu, F.L.K. (Eds.), Culture and self: Asian and Western perspectives (pp. 231251). New York: Tavistock Publications.Google Scholar
Wu, D.Y.H. (1996). Parental control: Psychocultural interpretations of Chinese patterns of socialization. In Lau, S. (Ed.). Growing up the Chinese way: Chinese child and adolescent development (pp. 128). Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.Google Scholar
Yang, C.F. (1988). Familism and development: An examination of the role of family in contemporary China Mainland, Hong Kong and Taiwan. In Sinha, D. & Kao, H.S.R. (Eds.), Social value and development: Asian perspectives (pp. 93123). New Delhi: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Yang, C.F. (1992). A proposal for a framework for studying the Chinese. In Proceedings for the Second Interdisciplinary Conference on the Psychology and the Behaviour of the Chinese, Taipei. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Yang, K.S. (1996). Psychological transformation of the Chinese people as a result of societal modernization. In Bond, M.H. (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology (pp. 479498). Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Yu, A.B. (1996). Ultimate life concerns, self, and Chinese achievement motivation. In Bond, M.H. (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology (227246). Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar