Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T04:15:59.914Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Social Planning of Housing*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2009

Naomi Carmon
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A planner should be aware of alternative social goals of housing planning. For example: to encourage frequent contacts and manifest neighbourliness, or to plan for maximum privacy; to strive for ethnic integration through ethnically mixed housing or to let people live close to those who resemble themselves, as they usually prefer. The selection of social goals involves value judgements, but opinions differ about the question of whose values should be considered in this decision process.

Once the basic value judgements are made and the social goals selected, the planner looks for ways to realize the goals. This paper surveys sociological studies which define some of the relevant factors and provide guidance concerning social conditions in which physical planning can contribute to the realization of selected goals.

Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Social Policy , Volume 5 , Issue 1 , January 1976 , pp. 49 - 59
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1976

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 I shall discuss this assumption in a following section.

2 Alexander, C., ‘The City as a Mechanism for Sustaining Human Contact’, in Ewald, W. R. (ed.), Environment for Men: The Next Fifty Years, Indiana University Press, 1967.Google Scholar

3 In recent years many reports of citizen participation experiments have been published and the difficulties widely discussed. See, for example, Speigel, H. B. C., Citizen Participation in Urban Development, Washington, D.C.: NTL Institute for Applied Behavioral Science, 1968Google Scholar, and Moynihan, D. P., Maximum Feasable Misunderstanding; Community Action in the War on Poverty, New York: Free Press, 1968.Google Scholar

4 For an elaboration of this idea, see Gans, H. J., ‘From Urbanism to Planning’, Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 1970, Vol. 36, pp. 223–5.Google Scholar

5 Bauer, C., ‘Good Neighborhoods’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 1945, Vol. 242, pp. 104–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

6 Rosow, I., ‘The Social Effects of the Physical Environment’, Journal of American Institute of Planning, 1961, Vol. 27, pp. 127–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

7 Festinger, L., Schachter, S. and Back, K., Social Pressures in Informal Groups: A Study of Human Factors in Housing, New York: Harper, 1950.Google Scholar

8 Merton, R. K., ‘The Social Psychology of Housing’, in Dennis, W. et al. (eds), Current Trends in Social Psychology, Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 1948, pp. 163–218.Google Scholar

9 Caplow, T. and Forman, R., ‘Neighbourhood Interaction in a Homogeneous Community’, American Sociological Review, 1950, Vol. 15, pp. 357–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

10 Kuper, L., ‘Blueprint for Living Together’, in Kuper, L. (ed.), Living in Towns, London: The Cresset Press, 1953.Google Scholar

11 Whyte, W. H., The Organization Man, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1956.Google Scholar

12 Blake, R. R., Rhead, C. C., Wedge, B. and Mouton, J. S., ‘Housing Architecture and Social Interaction’, Sociometry, 1956, Vol. 19, pp. 133–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

13 Katz, A. M. and Hill, R., ‘Residential Proximity and Marital Selection: A Review of Theory, Method and Fact’, Marriage and family Living, 1958, Vol. 20, pp. 27–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

14 Williams, R. M. et al. , Friendships and Social Values in a Suburban Community, Eugene, Oregon: University of Oregon Press, 1956.Google Scholar

15 Yarosz, E. J. and Bradley, H., ‘The Relationship Between Physical Distance and Sociometric Choices in Two Residence Halls’, International Journal of Sociometry and Socialtry, 1963, Vol. 3, pp. 42–55.Google Scholar

16 Ritter, P., Planning for Man and Motor, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1964.Google Scholar

17 Priest, R. F. and Sawyer, J., ‘Proximity and Peership: Bases Balance in Interpersonal Attraction’, American Journal of Sociology, 1967, Vol. 72, pp. 633–49.Google ScholarPubMed

18 Case, D. F. (Jr), The Influence of Architecture on Patterns of Social Life, Unpublished Junior Paper, Princeton University, Department of Sociology, 1967.Google Scholar

19 For discussions of this subject see also Gans, H. J., ‘Planning and Social Life’, Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 1961, Vol. 27, pp. 134–40Google Scholar, Willmott, P., The Evolution of a Community, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1963Google Scholar, and Tomeh, A. K., ‘Empirical Considerations in the Problem of Social Integration’, Sociological Inquiry, 1969. Vol. 39, pp. 65–76Google Scholar. It should be noted that one disagreement with this common rule is found in Lee, T., ‘Urban Neighborhood as a Socio-Spatial Schema’, Human Relations, 1968, Vol. 21, pp. 241–66.Google Scholar

20 See G. and Grier, E., Equality and Beyond – Housing Segregation and the Goals of Great Society, Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1966Google Scholar, and Cullingworth, J. B., Problems of an Urban Society, Vol. II: The Social Content of Planning, London: Allen and Unwin, 1973.Google Scholar

21 Merton, R. K., West, P. S. and Jahoda, M., The Dynamics of Race Relations in Hilltown, New York: Columbia University, Bureau of Applied Social Research, 1949.Google Scholar

22 Deutsch, M. and Collins, M. E., Interracial Housing: A Psychological Evaluation of Social Experiment, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1951.Google Scholar

23 Wilner, D. M., Walkey, R. P. and Cook, S. W., ‘Residential Proximity and Intergroup Relations in Public Housing Projects’, Journal of Social Issues, 1952, Vol. 8, pp. 45–69Google Scholar, and Wilner, D. M. and Cook, S. W., Human Relations in Interracial Housing: A Study of Contact Hypothesis, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1955.Google Scholar

24 Jahoda, M. and West, P. S., ‘Race Relations in Public Housing’, Journal of Social Issues, 1951, Vol. 7, Special Housing Issue.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

25 Irish, D. P., ‘Reactions of Caucasian Residents to Japanese-American Neighbors’, Journal of Social Issues, 1952, Vol. 8, pp. 10–17.Google Scholar

26 Mear, B. and Freedman, E., ‘The Impact of Negro Neighbors on White House Owners’, Social Forces, 1966, Vol. 45, pp. 11–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

27 Pettigrew, I. F., ‘Racially Separate or Together’, Journal of Social Issues, 1969, Vol. 25, pp. 43–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

28 Daniel, W. W., Racial Discrimination in England, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1968.Google Scholar

29 Rose, E. J. B. et al. , Colour and Citizenship: A Report on British Race Relations, London: Oxford University Press, 1969.Google Scholar

30 Allport, G. W., The Nature of Prejudice, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 1954.Google Scholar

31 Winder, A. E., ‘White Attitudes toward Negro-White Interaction in an Area of Changing Racial Composition’, American Psychologist, 1952, Vol. 7, pp. 330–1.Google Scholar

32 Fishman, J. A., ‘Some Social and Psychological Determinants of Intergroup Relations in Changing Neighborhoods’, Social Forces, 1961, Vol. 40, pp. 42–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

33 Wolf, E. P., ‘Racial Transition in a Middle Class Area’, Journal of American institute of Planners, 1963, Vol. 24, pp. 217–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

34 Bradburn, N. M., Sudman, S. and Gockel, G. L., Side by Side: integrated Neighborhoods in America, Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1971.Google Scholar

35 Klaff, V. Z., ‘Ethnic Segregation in Israel’, Demography, 1973, Vol. 10, pp. 161–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

36 See Paldi, A., Kiriat Malachi – Adjustment to Physical and Social Environment in Development Towns, Ministry of Housing, Department of Social and Economic Research, Housing and Construction, 1965, No. 16 (Hebrew)Google Scholar; Doron, A., Ofakim – Social and Economic Development, Ministry of Housing, Department of Social and Economic Research, Housing and Construction, 1969, No. 32 (Hebrew)Google Scholar; and Doron, A. and Abelson, R., Shderot – Social and Economic Development, Ministry of Housing, Department of Social and Economic Research, Housing and Construction, 1971, No. 36 (Hebrew).Google Scholar

37 See especially Ben-Yizhak, Y. et al. , Heterogeneous Neighborhoods, Sociological Service Company Ltd, prepared for the Ministry of Housing, Israel (Hebrew), 1974.Google Scholar