Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T03:34:57.121Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Women, Labour, and Public Policy: Female Labour Market Integration in OECD Countries. A Comparative Perspective

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2008

ISABELLE STADELMANN-STEFFEN*
Affiliation:
Department of Politics and Management, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany email: Isabelle.Stadelmann-Steffen@uni-konstanz.de

Abstract

This article investigates the influence of political measures and instruments on women's employment in OECD countries. The policy dimension builds the central explanatory category filling the ‘black box’ between political institutions and the decision-making process on the one hand, and policy outcome on the other. Unlike former comparative studies on the relationship between women's employment and public policies, this article analyses a much larger country sample, looking at 28 OECD countries as well as a broader range of policies. Additionally, path analyses are conducted, modelling direct and indirect causal effects on women's labour market integration. The analyses show that while the cultural, economic and political framework can create a positive environment for women's employment in general, ‘women-friendly’ public policies are important, and are necessary for the more intensive and egalitarian labour market integration of women compared to that of men.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Armingeon, K., Leimgruber, P., Beyeler, M. and Menegale, S. (2004a), ‘Comparative political data set I’, retrieved 15.11.04 from http://www.ipw.unibe.ch/content/team/klaus_armingeon/comparative_political_data_sets/index_ger.html.Google Scholar
Armingeon, K., Leimgruber, P., Beyeler, M. and Menegale, S. (2004)b, ‘Comparative political data set II’, retrieved 15.11.04 from http://www.ipw.unibe.ch/content/team/klaus_armingeon/comparative_political_data_sets/index_ger.htmlGoogle Scholar
Beckmann, P. (2003), Die Beschäftigungsquote – (k)ein guter Indikator für die Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen?, Nürnberg: Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung.Google Scholar
Behning, U. (2004), ‘Arbeit und Arbeitsteilung’, in Rosenberger, S. K. and Sauer, B. (eds), Politikwissenschaft und Geschlecht: Konzepte – Verknüpfungen – Perspektiven, Wien: Facultas Verlags- und Buchhandels AG WUV.Google Scholar
Botero, J., Djankov, S., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F. and Shliefer, A. (2003), The Regulation of Labor, Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research.Google Scholar
Bradshaw, J., and Finch, N. (2002), ‘A comparison of Child Benefit packages in 22 countries’, retrieved 22.03.05 from http://www.dwp.gov.uk/asd/asd5/rrep174.asp.Google Scholar
Buchmann, M., Kriesi, I., Pfeifer, A. and Sacchi, S. (2002), Halb drinnen – halb draussen. Analysen zur Arbeitsmarktintegration von Frauen in der Schweiz, Chur/Zurich: Rüegger.Google Scholar
Bussemaker, J., and Van Kersbergen, K. (1994), ‘Gender and welfare states: some theoretical reflections’, in Sainsbury, D. (ed.), Gendering Welfare States, London/Thousand Oaks/New Delhi: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Cornez, W. (1986), ‘Theorie und Empirie des Arbeitskraftangebots: Über die Bestimmungsgründe und den Wandel des geschlechtsspezifischen Erwerbsverhalten’, retrieved 23.4.04 from http://doku.iab.de/mittab/1986/1986_3_MittAB_Cor-netz.pdf.Google Scholar
Crepaz, M. M. L. (1998), ‘Inclusion versus exclusion: political institutions and welfare expenditures’, Comparative Politics, 31: 1, 6180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahlerup, D. (1987), ‘Confusing concepts – confusing reality: a theoretical discussion of the patriarchal state’, in Sassoon, A. S. (ed.), Women and the State: The Shifting Boundaries of Public and Private, London: Hutchinson.Google Scholar
Daly, M. (1994), ‘Comparing welfare states: towards a gender friendly approach’, in Sainsbury, D. (ed.), Gendering Welfare States, London/Thousand Oaks/New Delhi: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Daly, M. (2000), ‘A fine balance. Women's labor market participation in international comparison’, in Scharpf, F. W. and Schmidt, V. (eds), Welfare and Work in the Open Economy, Vol. II: Diverse Responses to Common Challenges, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
De Frank, A. J. (2002), The Path of Firearms Control: Understanding Government Regulation at the End of the 20th Century, Washington, DC: George Mason University.Google Scholar
De Leon, P. (1999), ‘The stages approach to the policy process: what has it done? Where is it going?’, in Sabatier, P. A. (ed.), Theories of the Policy Process, Colorado/Oxford: Westview Press.Google Scholar
De Villota, P. and Ferrari, I. (2001), ‘The impact of the tax/benefit system on women's work’, retrieved 25.5.04 from http://europa.eu.int/comm/employment_social/equ_opp/wo-men_work.pdf.Google Scholar
Drobnic, S., Blossfeld, H.-P. and Rohwer, G. (1999), ‘Dynamics of women's employment patterns over the family live course: a comparison of the United States and Germany’, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61: 1, 133–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esping-Andersen, G. (1990), Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, G. (1999), Social Foundations of Postindustrial Economics, New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gornick, J.C, Meyers, M.K. and Ross, K.E. (1996), ‘Supporting the employment of mothers: policy variation across fourteen welfare states’, Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), Working Paper 139.Google Scholar
Gornick, J. C., Meyers, M. K. and Ross, K. E. (1998), ‘Public policies and the employment of mothers: a cross-national study’, Social Science Quarterly, 79: 1, 3554.Google Scholar
Hayduk, L. A. (1985), ‘Personal space: the conceptual and measurement implications of structural equation models’, Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 17: 2, 140–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayduk, L. A. (1987), Structural Equation Modeling with LISREL: Essentials and Advances, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Hibbs, D. A. (1977), ‘Political parties and macroeconomic policy’, American Political Science Review, 71: 1467–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hiilamo, H. (2004), ‘Changing family policy in Sweden and Finland during the 1990s’, Social Policy and Administration, 38: 1, 2140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howlett, M. and Ramesh, M. (2003), Studying Public Policy. Policy Cycles and Policy Subsystems (Second Edition), Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Huber, E. and Stephens, J. D. (2000), ‘Partisan government, women's employment, and the social democratic service state’, American Sociological Review, 65: 323–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Immergut, E. M. (1990), ‘Institutions, veto points, and policy results: a comparative analysis of health care’, Journal of Public Policy, 10: 391416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iversen, T. and Rosenbluth, F. (2004), ‘The political economy of gender: explaining cross-national variation in the gender division of labor and the gender voting gap’, retrieved 14.12.04 from http://weber.ucsd.edu/~jlbroz/PElunch/IversenRosenbluth.pdf.Google Scholar
Jann, B. (2006), ‘Diagnostik von Regressionsschätzungen bei kleinen Stichproben’, Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, Sonderheft 44: 421–52.Google Scholar
Jaumotte, F. (2003), ‘Female labour force participation: past trends and main determinants in OECD countries’, retrieved 30.7.04, http://www.olis.oecd.org/olis/2003doc.nsf/43bb6130e5e86e5fc12569fa005d004c/b7c9b45202b081b1c1256e0000317f04/$FILE/JT00155820.PDF.Google Scholar
Kamerman, S. B. (2000), ‘Early childhood education and care: an overview of developments in the OECD countries’, International Journal of Educational Research, 33: 1, 729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenworthy, L. (2008), Jobs with Equality, Oxford: Oxford University Press (forthcoming).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kittel, B. (1999), ‘Sense and sensitivity in pooled analysis of political data’, European Journal of Political Research, 35: 2, 225–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lovenduski, J. (1998), ‘Gendering research in political science’, Annual Review of Political Science, 1: 333–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lovenduski, J., and Norris, P. (1993), Gender and Party Politics, London/Thousand Oaks/New Delhi: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Lovenduski, J. and Norris, P. (1996), Women in Politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mammen, K. and Paxson, C. (2000), ‘Women's work and economic development’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14: 4, 141–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazur, A. G. (2002), Theorizing Feminist Policy, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merkel, W. (2001), ‘Soziale Gerechtigkeit und die drei Welten des Wohlfahrtskapitalismus’, Berliner Journal für Soziologie, 11: 2, 135–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyers, M.K., Gornick, J.C. and Ross, K.E. (1999), ‘Public childcare, parental leave, and employment’, in Sainsbury, D. (ed.), Gender and Welfare State Regimes, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mincer, J. (1985), ‘Intercountry comparison of labor force trends and of related developments: an overview’, Journal of Economics, 3: 1, Part 2: Trends in Women's Work, Education, and Family Building, 1–32.Google ScholarPubMed
Moore, T. W. (1998), ‘Fertility in China 1982–1990: gender equality as a complement to wealth flows theory’, Population Research and Policy Review, 17: 197222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, P. (2005), ‘Stable democracy and good governance in divided societies: do powersharing institutions work?’, Unpublished manuscript.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Connor, J. S., Orloff, A. S. and Shaver, S. (1999), States, Markets, Families. Gender, Liberalism and Social Policy in Australia, Canada, Great Britain and the United States, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OECD (various years), Employment Outlook, Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
O'Neill, J. A. (1984), ‘Earnings differentials: empirical evidence and causes’, in Schmid, G. and Weitzel, R. (eds), Sex Discrimination and Equal Opportunity: The Labor Market and Employment Policy, Aldershot: Gower.Google Scholar
Ott, N. (1997), ‘Beruf, Kinder, Familie – ein Spannungsfeld aus ökonomischer Sicht’, in Behning, U. (ed.), Das Private ist Ökonomisch: Widersprüche der Ökonomisierung privater Familien- und Haushalts-Dienstleistungen, Berlin: Sigma.Google Scholar
Pennings, P. (2003), ‘Beyond dichotomous explanations: explaining constitutional control of the executive with fuzzy-sets’, European Journal of Political Research, 45: 541–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petraitis, P. S., Dunahm, A. E. and Niewiaroswki, P. H. (1996), ‘Inferring multiple causality: the limitations of path analysis’, Functional Ecology, 10: 4, 421–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfau-Effinger, B. (1996), ‘Analyse internationaler Differenzen in der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen’, Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 48: 3, 462–92.Google Scholar
Pfau-Effinger, B. (2000), Kultur und Frauenerwerbstätigkeit in Europa: Theorie und Empirie des internationalen Vergleichs, Opladen: Leske und Budrich.Google Scholar
Pierson, P. (2000), ‘Three worlds of welfare state research’, Comparative Political Studies, 33: 6–7, 791821.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sainsbury, D. (ed.) (1994), Gendering Welfare States, London/Thousand Oaks/New Delhi: Sage Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sainsbury, D. (ed.) (1999), Gender and Welfare State Regimes, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sauer, B. (2004), ‘Staat – Institutionen – Governance’, in Rosenberger, B. S. (ed.), Politikwissenschaft und Geschlecht. Konzepte – Verknüpfungen – Perspektiven, Wien: Facultas Verlags- und Buchhandels AG WUV.Google Scholar
Schmid, G. (1984), ‘The political economy of labor market discrimination: a theoretical and comparative analysis of sex discrimination’, in Schmid, G. and Weitzel, R. (eds), Sex Discrimination and Equal Opportunity: The Labour Market and Employment Policy, Aldershot: Gower.Google Scholar
Schmidt, M. G. (1993a), Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männer im Industrieländervergleich, Opladen: Leske und Budrich.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, M. G. (1993)b, ‘Gendered labour force participation’, in Castles, F. G. (ed.), Families of Nations: Patterns of Public Policy in Western Democracies, Aldershot: Dartmouth.Google Scholar
Schmidt, M. G. (1995), ‘Vollbeschäftigung und Arbeitslosigkeit in der Schweiz: Vom Sonderweg zum Normalfall’, Politische Vierteljahresschrift, 36: 1, 3548.Google Scholar
Shaver, S. (2002), ‘Gender, welfare, regimes, and agency’, Social Politics, 203–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siaroff, A. (1994), ‘Work, welfare and gender equality: a new typology’, in Sainsbury, D. (ed.), Gendering Welfare States, London/Thousand Oaks/New Delhi: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Siaroff, A. (1999), ‘Corporatism in 24 industrial democracies: Meaning and measurement’, European Journal of Political Research, 36: 2, 175205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stetson, D. M. and Mazur, A. G. (1995), Comparative State Feminism, Thousand Oaks/London/New Delhi: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Sundström, E. (2003), ‘Gender regimes, family policies and attitudes to female employment: a comparison of Germany, Italy and Sweden’, retrieved 26.5.04 from http://publications.uu.se/umu/fulltext/nbn_se_umu_diva-185.pdf.Google Scholar
Trzcinski, E. (1991), ‘Employers' parental leave policies: does the labor market provide parental leave?’, in Hyde, J. Shibley and Essex, M. J. (eds), Parental Leave and Child Care: Setting a Research and Policy Agenda, Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
White, L. A. (2002), ‘Ideas and the welfare state: explaining child care policy development in Canada and the United States’, Comparative Political Studies, 35: 6, 713–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar