24 Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy enhances executive control in recurrent depression in a randomized wait-list controlled trial

Abstract

Objective:

Adults with recurrent depression have been shown to have cognitive deficits also while in remission. Thus, it has been suggested that with a chronic course of depression, poorer executive control can be a vulnerability factor for depressive relapse. This has led to research on how cognitive remediation training can protect against recurrent depressive episodes. Findings indicate that such training has short term effects on cognitive functioning, and small effect on depression symptoms. Less focus has been on how “standard” psychotherapy can have positive effects on executive and attentional control. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) has been shown to be as effective as antidepressant medication in preventing relapses of depressive episodes. Mindfulness training in healthy samples seems to improve executive and attentional control. However, the few studies of MBCT in recurrent depression show mixed effects on executive and attentional control. As far as we know, no prior study has investigated the effect of MBCT in recurrent depression with the revised version of the attention network test (ANT-R). In a randomized controlled trial, we expected that the MBCT group would show enhanced executive control and lower levels of attentional fluctuations than the wait-list controls (WLC) from pre (T0) to post (T1) treatment. We further investigated if positive effects of MBCT on executive and attentional control were associated with reduction in depression symptoms.

Participants and Methods:

Adults with recurrent depression in partial or full remission (N = 64) were randomized to MBCT or WLC. In the MBCT and WLC groups, 25 and 29, respectively, performed the ANT-R at T0 and T1. The attention network reaction time scores of executive control, alerting, and orienting were calculated in addition to attention fluctuations scores of intra-individual reaction time variability (IIVRT) and exgaussian-mean of longer reaction times (TAU). Self-reported depression symptoms were measured with BDI-II. The two groups were compared at baseline on full-scale IQ (WASI), executive control (D-KEFS Stroop), and processing speed (D-KEFS TMT).

Results:

The MBCT and WCL groups did not differ significantly in age or gender distribution, education, full-scale IQ or in baseline executive and attentional control as measured with the ANT-R, Stroop and TMT. The MBCT group showed a higher efficiency in conflict detection as measured with the executive control score from T0 to T1 compared to the WLC. This positive effect of MBCT on executive control was independent from the greater reductions in depression symptoms in the MBCT group compared to in the WLCs. However, reduction in depression symptoms at T1 was associated with enhanced efficiency in responding to alerting cues in conflict detection. No effects of MBCT compared to WLC were found at T1 on the attention fluctuation measures (IIVRT and TAU).

Conclusions:

The findings from the current study indicates that MBCT enhances executive control in adults with recurrent depression. As such, MBCT may target an important cognitive vulnerability factor in the chronic course of recurrent depression that may contribute to its efficacy in preventing depressive relapses. It was also observed that reductions in depression symptoms led to higher alertness in conflict detection.