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Does Apolipoprotein e4 Status Moderate the Association of Family Environment with Long-Term Child Functioning following Early Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury? A Preliminary Study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 August 2016

Amery Treble-Barna ,
Huaiyu Zang ,
Nanhua Zhang ,
Lisa J. Martin ,
Keith Owen Yeates ,
H. Gerry Taylor ,
Shari L. Wade  and
Brad G. Kurowski
Amery Treble-Barna*
Affiliation:
Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
Huaiyu Zang
Affiliation:
Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
Nanhua Zhang
Affiliation:
Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
Lisa J. Martin
Affiliation:
Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
Keith Owen Yeates
Affiliation:
Deparment of Psychology, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
H. Gerry Taylor
Affiliation:
Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics and Psychology, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University and Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
Shari L. Wade
Affiliation:
Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
Brad G. Kurowski
Affiliation:
Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
*
Correspondence and reprint requests to: Amery Treble-Barna, Division of Pediatric Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039. E-mail: amery.treble-barna@cchmc.org
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Abstract

Objectives: To examine whether apolipoprotein e4 (APOE) status moderates the association of family environment with child functioning following early traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods: Sixty-five children with moderate to severe TBI and 70 children with orthopedic injury (OI) completed assessments 6, 12, 18 months, and 3.5 and 6.8 years post injury. DNA was extracted from saliva samples and genotyped for APOE e4 status. Linear mixed models examined moderating effects of APOE e4 status on associations between two family environment factors (parenting style, home environment) and three child outcomes (executive functioning, behavioral adjustment, adaptive functioning). Results: Children with TBI who were carriers of the e4 allele showed poorer adaptive functioning relative to non-carriers with TBI and children with OI in the context of low authoritarianism. At high levels of authoritarianism, non-carriers with TBI showed the poorest adaptive functioning among groups. There were no main effects or interactions involving APOE and executive functioning or behavioral adjustment. Conclusions:The APOE e4 allele was detrimental for long-term adaptive functioning in the context of positive parenting, whereas in less optimal parenting contexts, being a non-carrier was detrimental. We provide preliminary evidence for an interaction of APOE e4 status and parenting style in predicting long-term outcomes following early TBI. (JINS, 2016, 22, 859–864)

Keywords

Adaptive functionBrain injuriesGeneticsGene–environment interactionParenting styleNeurobehavioral outcomes
Type
Brief Communications
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 22 , Issue 8 , September 2016 , pp. 859 - 864
Copyright
Copyright © The International Neuropsychological Society 2016 

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