Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T11:26:39.092Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Concepts of Ethnicity and Culture in Andean Archaeology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Emily M. Stovel
Emily M. Stovel*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Ripon College, WI 54971 and Instituto de Investigatión Arqueológica y Museo Gustavo Le Paige, Universidad Católica del Norte, San Pedro de Atacama, Chile (stovele@ripon.edu),
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Although Andean archaeology has long used the term “ethnic” to refer to human groups, new understandings of ethnicity have injected less static understandings of contextualized identity construction into our models of the past. A review of recent work on ethnicity in the field reveals, however, that methodological approaches to these social entities do not always follow suit and rather favor normative synchronie comparisons. This paper explores the origins and trends in the study of ethnic groups and ethnicity in Andean archaeology, arguing that we may be seeing the persistence of the culture concept in the guise of ethnicity. It also examines best practices in the literature in order to make recommendations concerning the adoption of local, contextual, and diachronic methods in conjunction with multiple lines of evidence. These practices are more likely to expose the processes of identity construction by rendering explicit the relationships among culture, ethnicity, and the use of emblemic material culture. It argues, thereby, for the provision of proof of this process rather than its assertion.

A pesar de que la arqueología andina haya utilizado durante mucho tiempo el término “étnico” para referirse a los grupos humanos en el pasado, una nueva definición de la etnicidad ha producido una visión menos estática de la construcción contextualizada de identidades. Sin embargo, el presente trabajo, tras la exploración de trabajos recientes sobre la etnicidad, revela que los enfoques metodológicos empleados no siempre siguen esta nueva trayectoria y por lo tanto favorecen comparaciones normativas sincrónicas. Este artículo explora los orígenes y las tendencias en el estudio de los grupos étnicos y la etnicidad en la arqueología andina, proponiendo que quizá estamos frente a la persistencia del concepto de cultura detrás del uso actual del concepto de etnicidad. A su vez, examina las mejores prácticas en la literatura con el fin de ofrecer recomendaciones sobre la adopción de una metodología contextual y diacrònica aplicando múltiples líneas de evidencia que nos dejarán más cerca de la construcción de la identidad en el pasado. Asimismo, es clave hacer explícitas las relaciones entre cultura, etnicidad, y el uso emblemático de la cultura material. Por ende, pide la comprobación explicita de estos procesos en lugar de su suposición de antemano.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 24 , Issue 1 , March 2013 , pp. 3 - 20
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2013

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Abercrombie, Thomas A. 1998 Pathways of Memory and Power: Ethnography and History among an Andean People. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.Google Scholar
Agüero, Carolina, Uribe, Mauricio, Ayala, Patricia, and Cases, Bárbara 1999 Una aproximación arqueológica a la etnicidad: el rol de los textiles en la constructión de la identidad cultural en los cementerios de Quillagua (Norte de Chile). Gaceta Arqueológica Andina 25:167–197.Google Scholar
Aldenderfer, Mark S., and Stanish, Charles 1993 Domestic Architecture, Household Archaeology, and the Past in the South-Central Andes. In Domestic Architecture, Ethnicity, and Complementarity in the South-Central Andes, edited by Mark S. Aldenderfer, pp.1–12. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldenderfer, Mark S. (editor). 1993 Domestic Architecture, Ethnicity, and Complementarity in the South Central Andes. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avila, Florencia 2005 El estilo alfarero yavi y su relatión con la construcción de entidades culturales. Teoría 14(1):85–101.Google Scholar
Avila, Florencia 2009 Interactuando desde el estilo: variaciones en la circulatión espacial y temporal del estilo alfarero yavi. Estu-dios Atacameños 37:29–50.Google Scholar
Barth, Frederik 1969 Introduction. In Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference, edited by Frederik Barth, pp. 9–38. Allen and Unwin, London.Google Scholar
Barth, Frederik 1994 Enduring and Emerging Issues in the Analysis of Ethnicity. In The Anthropology of Ethnicity: Beyond “Ethnic Groups and Boundaries,” edited by Hans Vermeulen and Cora Govers, pp. 11–32. Het Spinhuis, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Bauer, Brian S., and Alan Covey, R. 2002 Processes of State Formation in the Inca Heartland (Cuzco, Peru). American Anthropologist 104:846–864.Google Scholar
Bawden, Garth 1993 An Archaeological Study of Social Structure and Ethnic Replacement in Residential Architecture of the Tumilaca Valley. In Domestic Architecture, Ethnicity, and Complementarity in the South-Central Andes, edited by Mark S. Aldenderfer, pp. 42–54. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bawden, Garth 2005 Ethnogenesis at Galindo, Peru. In Us and Them: Archaeology and Ethnicity in the Andes, edited by Richard M. Reycraft, pp. 12–33. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Aninat, Benavente, Antonia, María, Mezzano, Claudio Massone, and Winter, Carlos Thomas 1986 Larrache, evidencias atipicas. ¿Tiahuanaco en San Pedro de Atacama? Chungará 16–17:67–73.Google Scholar
Bentley, G. Carter 1987 Ethnicity and Practice. Comparative Studies in Society and History 29:24–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berdan, Frances F., Chance, John K., Sandstrom, Alan R., Stark, Barbara L., Taggart, James M., and Umberger, Emily 2008 Ethnic Identity in Nahua Mesoamerica: The View from Archaeology, Art History, Ethnohistory and Contemporary Ethnography. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Béron, Mónica A. 2005 Relaciones interétnicas e identidad social en el registro arqueológico. In Género y etnicidad en la arqueologia sudamericana, edited by Verónica Williams and Benjamin Alberti, pp. 119–138. Serie Teórica 4. Núcleo Consolidado de Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano, Universidad Nacional del Centra de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Olavarría.Google Scholar
Blom, Deborah E. 2005a Embodying Borders: Human Body Modification and Diversity in Tiwanaku Society. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 24:1–24.Google Scholar
Blom, Deborah E. 2005b A Bioarchaeological Approach to Tiwanaku Group Dynamics. In Us and Them: Archaeology and Ethnicity in the Andes, edited by Richard M. Reycraft, pp. 153–182. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Blom, Deborah E., Hallgrimsson, Benedikt, Keng, Linda, Lozada, María C., and Buikstra, Jane. E. 1998 Tiwanaku’colonization’: Bioarchaeological Implications for Migration in the Moquegua Valley, Peru. World Archaeology 30:238–261.Google Scholar
Blom, Deborah E., Janusek, John W., and Buikstra, Jane E. 2003 A Reevaluation of Human Remains from Tiwanaku. In Tiwanaku and its Hinterland: Archaeology and Paleoecology of an Andean Civilization, Vol. 2, edited by Alan L. Kolata, pp. 434–446. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Bonfil Batalla, Guillermo 1992 Identidad y relativismo cultural en América Latina. Cehass, Buenos Aires.Google Scholar
Bonomo, Mariano, Williams, Verónica, and Alberti, Benjamin 2005 Identidad étnica y cultura material: el caso del litoral marítimo bonaerense. In Género y etnicidad en la arqueología sudamericana, edited by Verónica Williams and Benjamin Alberti pp. 139–161. Serie Teórica 4. Núcleo Consolidado de Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano, Universidad Nacional del Centra de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Olavarría.Google Scholar
Borofsky, Robert, Barth, Fredrik, Shweder, Richard A., Rodseth, Lars, and Stoltzenberg, Nomi Maya 2001 WHEN: A Conversation About Culture. American Anthropologist 103:432–446.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre 1990 The Logic of Practice. Polity Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Bray, Tamara L. 1995 The Panzaleo Puzzle: Non-Local Pottery in Northern Highland Ecuador. Journal of Field Archaeology 22(2):137–156.Google Scholar
Bray, Tamara L. 2005 Multi-Ethnic Settlement and Interregional Exchange in Pimampiro, Ecuador. Journal of Field Archaeology 30(2):119–141.Google Scholar
Browman, David L. 1980 Tiwanaku Expansion and Altiplano Economic Patterns. Estudios Arqueológicos 5:107–120.Google Scholar
Browman, David L. 1984 Tiwanaku: Development of Interzonal Trade and Economic Expansion in the Altiplano. In Social and Economic Organization in the Prehispanic Andes, edited by David L. Browman, Richard L. Burger, and Mario A. Rivera, p. 117–142. BAR International Series 194. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Buikstra, Jane. E. 2005 Ethnogenesis and Ethnicity in the Andes. In Us and Them: Archaeology and Ethnicity in the Andes, edited by Richard M. Reycraft, pp. 233–239. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buikstra, Jane E., and Scott, Rachel E. 2009 Identity Formation: Communities and Individuals. In Bioarchaeology and Identity in the Americas, edited by Kelly J Knudson and Christopher M Stojanowski, pp. 24–55. University Press of Florida, Tallahassee.Google Scholar
Capriles Flores, José M. 2003 Arqueología e identidad étnica: el caso de Bolivia. Chungará 35:347–353.Google Scholar
Capriles Flores, José M. 2005 ¿Etnicidad en la arqueología boliviana? Una revisión crítica. Textos Antropológicos 15(2):165–179.Google Scholar
Cohen, Abner 1974 Introduction: The Lesson of Ethnicity. In Urban Ethnicity , edited by Abner Cohen, pp. ix–xxiv. Taviatock Publications Limited, London.Google Scholar
Cohen, Ronald 1978 Ethnicity: Problem and Focus in Anthropology. Annual Review of Anthropology 7:379–403.Google Scholar
Comaroff, John L., and Comaroff, Jean 1992 Ethnography and the Historical Imagination. West-view Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Conrad, Geoffrey W. 1993 Domestic Architecture of the Estuquiña Phase: Estuquiña and San Antonio. In Domestic Architecture, Ethnicity, and Complementarity in the South-Central Andes, edited by Mark S. Aldenderfer, pp. 55–65. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.Google Scholar
Cook, Noble David 1981 Demographic Collapse, Indian Peru, 1520–1620. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Covey, R. Alan 2008 Multiregional Perspectives on the Archaeology of the Andes During the Late Intermediate Period (c. A.D. 1000–1400). Journal of Archaeological Research 16:287–338.Google Scholar
D’Altroy, Terence N. 1987 Transitions in Power: Centralization of Wanka Political Organization under Inka Rule. Ethnohistory 34:78–102.Google Scholar
Decoster, Jean-Jaques 2005 Identidad étnica y manipulatión cultural: la indumentaria inca en la época colonial. Estudios Atacameños No. 29:163–170.Google Scholar
de Vries, Pieter, and Nuijten, Monique 2002 Some Reflections on the (Mis)-Use of the Concept of Culture in Andean Studies. In Imaging the Andes: Shifting Margins of a Marginal World, edited by Ton Salman and Annel ies Zoomers, pp. 64–80. Het Spinhuis, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
del Río, María de las Mercedes 2005 Etnicidad, territorialidad y colonialismo en los Andes. Tradición y cambio entre los soras de los siglos XVI y XVII. Institut français d’études andines, Instituto de estudios bolivianos, and ASDI, La Paz.Google Scholar
Díaz-Polanco, Héctor 1984 Notas teórico-metodológicas para el estudio de la cuestión étnica. Boletín de Antropología Americana 45–51.Google Scholar
Dietler, Michael, and Herbich, Ingrid 1998 Habitus, Techniques, Style: An Integrated Approach to the Social Understanding of Material Culture and Boundaries. In The Archaeology of Social Boundaries, edited by Miriam T. Stark, pp. 232–263. Smithsonian, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Dulanto, Jalh 2008 Between Horizons: Diverse Configurations of Society and Power in the Late Pre-Hispanic Central Andes. In The Handbook of South American Archaeology, edited by Helaine Silverman and William H. Isbell, pp. 761–782. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
Durston, Alan, and Jorge Hidalgo, L. 1997 La presencia andina en los valles de Arica, siglos XVI-XVIII: casos de regeneratión colonial de estructuras archipielágicas. Chungará 29:249–273.Google Scholar
Emberling, Geoff 1997 Ethnicity in Complex Societies: Archaeological Perspectives. Journal of Archaeological Research 5:295–344.Google Scholar
Gentile, Margarita E. 1996 Sobre las fronteras andinas prehispánicas. In Fronteras, etnias, culturas: América Latina, siglos XVI- XX, edited by Chiara Vangelista, pp. 85–92. Editorial Abya-Yala, Quito.Google Scholar
Gil García, Francisco M. 2002 Acontecimientos y regularidades chullparias: más allá de las tipologías. Reflexiones en torno a la constructión del paisaje chullpario. Revista Española de Antropología Americana 32:207–241.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Paul S. 2000 The Vertical Archipelago and Diaspora Communities in the Southern Andes. In The Archaeology of Communities: A New World Perspective, edited by Marcello A. Canuto and Jason Yaeger, p. 182–209. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Paul S. 2005 Andean Diaspora: The Tiwanaku Colonies and the Origins of South American Empire. University Press of Florida, Tallahassee.Google Scholar
Gordones Rojas, Gladys 1994 Etnicidad, arqueología y patrimonio: implicaciones de la destructión de patrimonio arqueológico en el estudio de la etnicidad. Revista Venezolana de Sociología y Antropología 4(10):33–39.Google Scholar
Gordones Rojas, Gladys, and Pacheco, Lino Meneses 2005 Arqueología de la Cordillera andina de Mérida: Timote, Chibcha y Arawako. Consejo National de la Cultura, Ministerio de la Cultura, Museo Arqueológico “Gonzalo Rincón Gutiérrez”, Grupo de Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Lingüísticas, Universidad de los Andes, and Ediciones Dábantà, Mérida.Google Scholar
Harris, Olivia 1997 Los límites como problema: mapas etnohistóricos de los Andes bolivianos. In Saberes y memorias en los Andes. In memoriam Thierry Saignes, edited by Thérèse Bouysse-Cassagne, 351–373. Travaux de 1– Institut français d’études andines 97. Institut des hautes études de l’Amérique Latine and Institut français d’études andines, Lima.Google Scholar
Hegmon, Michelle 1992 Archaeological Research on Style. Annual Review of Anthropology 21:517–536.Google Scholar
Hegmon, Michelle, and Kulow, Stephanie 2005 Painting as Agency, Style as Structure: Innovations in Mimbres Pottery Designs from Southwest New Mexico. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 12:313–34.Google Scholar
Hidalgo Lehuedé, Jorge, and Durston, Alan 1998 Reconstitución étnica colonial en la sierra de Arica: el cacicazgo de Codpa, 1650–1780. In Actas del IV Congreso International Etnohistoria, pp. 32–75. Fondo Editorial Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima.Google Scholar
Hodder, Ian 1979 Economic and Social Stress and Material Culture Patterning. American Antiquity 44:446–454.Google Scholar
Hodder, Ian 1982 Symbols in Action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Huertas Vallejos, Lorenzo 2009 Frontera y jurisdictión de la etnia sechura en el norte del Perú. In La arqueología y la etnohistoria: un encuentro andino, edited by John R. Topic, pp. 55–74. Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima.Google Scholar
Isbell, William H. 1997 Mummies and Mortuary Monuments: A Postprocessual Prehistory of Central Andean Social Organization. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Janusek, John W. 2002 Out of Many, One: Style and Social Boundaries. Latin American Antiquity 13:35–61.Google Scholar
Janusek, John W. 2004 Identity and Power in the Ancient Andes: Tiwanaku Cities through Time. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Janusek, John W. 2005 Of Pots and People: Ceramic Style and Social Identity in the Tiwanaku State. In Us and Them: Archaeology and Ethnicity in the Andes, edited by Richard M. Reycraft, pp. 34–51. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Jones, Sîan 1997 The Archaeology of Ethnicity: Constructing Identities in the Past and Present. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Julien, Daniel G. 1993 Late Pre-Inkaic Ethnic Groups in Highland Peru: An Archaeological-Ethnohistorical Model of the Political Geography of the Cajamarca Region. Latin American Antiquity 4:246–273.Google Scholar
Kaulicke, Peter, Urton, Gary, and Farrington, Ian (editors) 2002–2004 Identidad y transformatión en el Tawan1tinsuyu y en los Andes coloniales. Perspectivas arqueológicas y etnohistóricas. 3 vols. Boletín de Arqueología 6–8. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima.Google Scholar
Klaus, Haagen D., and Tarn Chang, Manuel E. 2009 Surviving Contact: Biological Transformation, Burial, and Ethnogenesis in the Colonial Lambayeque Valley.North Coast Peru. In Bioarchaeology and Identity in the Americas, edited by Kelly J. Knudson and Christopher M. Stojanowski, pp. 126–154. University Press of Florida, Tallahassee.Google Scholar
Knudson, Kelly J. 2007 La influencia de Tiwanaku en San Pedro de Atacama: una investigatión utilizando el análisis de isótopos del estroncio. Estudios Atacameños 33:7–24.Google Scholar
Knudson, Kelly J. 2008 Tiwanaku Influence in the South Central Andes: Strontium Isotope Analysis and Middle Horizon Migration. Latin American Antiquity 19:3–23.Google Scholar
Knudson, Kelly J., and Blom, Deborah E. 2009 The Complex Relationship between Tiwanaku Mortuary Identity and Geographic Origin in the South Central Andes. In Bioarchaeology and Identity in the Americas, edited by Kelly J Knudson and Christopher M Stojanowski, pp. 194–211. University Press of Florida, Tallahassee.Google Scholar
Knudson, Kelly J., and Douglas Price, T. 2007 Utility of Multiple Chemical Techniques in Archaeological Residential Mobility Studies: Case Studies from Tiwanaku-and Chiribaya-Affiliated Sites in the Andes. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 132:25–39.Google Scholar
Knudson, Kelly J., and Stojanowski, Christopher M. (editors) 2009 Bioarchaeology and Identity in the Americas. University Press of Florida, Tallahassee.Google Scholar
Knudson, Kelly J., and Torres-Rouff, Christina 2009 Investigating Cultural Heterogeneity in San Pedro de Atacama, Northern Chile, through Biogeochemistry and Bioarchaeology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 138:473–485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohl, Philip L., and Fawcett, Clare, (editors) 1996 Nationalism, Politics and the Practice of Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kojan, David, and Angelo, Dante 2005 Dominant Narratives, Social Violence and the Practice of Bolivian Archaeology. Journal of Social Archaeology 5:383–408.Google Scholar
Larson, Brooke 2004 Trials of Nation Making: Liberalism, Race, and Ethnicity in the Andes, 1810–1910. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Larson, Brooke, Harris, Olivia, and Tandeter, Enrique (editors) 1995 Ethnicity, Markets, and Migration in the Andes: At the Crossroads of History and Anthropology. Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina.Google Scholar
Lau, George F. 2006 Northern Exposures: Recuay-Cajamarca Boundaries and Interaction. In Andean Archaeology III: North and South, edited by William H. Isbell and Helaine Silverman, pp. 143–170. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
Lima Tórrez, María del Pilar 2008a Interculturalidad como estrategia de control político: la relatión de los Inkas con los grupos locales del sur del lago Poopó. In Arqueología de las Tierras Altas, Valles Interandinos y Tierras Bajas de Bolivia: Memorias del I Congreso de Arqueología de Bolivia, edited by Claudia Rivera Casanovas, pp. 131–144. Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas y Arqueológicas, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz.Google Scholar
Lima Tórrez, María del Pilar 2008b La política imperial Inka en el norte de Chuquisaca: el caso de la capital yampara de Quila Quila. In Arqueología de las Tierras Altas, Valles Interandinos y Tierras Bajas de Bolivia: Memorias del 1 Congreso de Arqueología de Bolivia, edited by Claudia Rivera Casanovas, pp. 265–276. Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas y Arqueológicas Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz.Google Scholar
Llagostera, Agustín 1996 San Pedro de Atacama: modo de complementariedad reticular. In Integratión surandina: Cinco siglos después, edited by Javier Albó, Maréa Inés Arratia, Jorge Hidalgo, Lautaro Núñez, Agustín Llagostera, María Isabel Remy and Bruno Revesz, pp. 17–39. Estudios y Debates Regionales Andinos 91. Centre de Estudios Regionales Andinos Bartolomé de las Casas, Corporatión Norte Grande, Taller de Estudios Andinos, Universidad Católica del Norte, Cuzco.Google Scholar
Lorandi, Ana María, and Rodríguez, Lorena 2003 Yanas y mitimaes. Alteraciones incaicas en el mapa étnico andino. In Los Andes: Cincuenta años después (1953–2003), edited by Ana María Lorandi, Carmen Salzar-Soler, and Nathan Wachtel, pp. 129–162. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Fondo Editorial, Lima.Google Scholar
Lozada, María C., and Buikstra, Jane E. 2005 Pescadores and Labradores among the Señorío of Chiribaya of Southern Perú. In Us and Them: Archaeology and Ethnicity in the Andes, edited by Richard M. Reycraft, pp. 206–225. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martínez, José Luis 1991 Acerca de las etnicidades en la puna árida en el siglo XVI. In Etnicidad, economía y simbolismo en los Andes: II Congreso International de Etnohistoria, Coroico, edited by Silvia Arze, Rossana Barragán, Laura Escobari, and Ximena Medinaceli, pp. 35–65. Editoral Hisbol, Institut français d’études andines. Sociedad boliviana de historia, Antropólogos del Sur Andino, Lima.Google Scholar
Martínez, José Luis 1998 Pueblos del chañar y el algarrobo: los atacamas en el siglo XVII. Directión de Bibliotecas, Archivos y Museos, Santiago de Chile.Google Scholar
McGuire, Randall 1982 The Study of Ethnicity in Historical Archaeology. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 1:159–178.Google Scholar
Meskell, Lynn 2002 The Intersections of Identity and Politics in Archaeology. Annual Review of Anthropology 31:279–301.Google Scholar
Murra, John V. 1972 El ‘control vertical’ de un máximo de pisos ecolégicos en la economía de las sociedades andinas. In Visita de la provincia de León de Huánuco en 1562, edited by John V. Murra, pp. 427–476. Universidad Hermilio Valdizán, Huánuco.Google Scholar
Meskell, Lynn 1975 Formaciones económicas y políticas del mundo andino. Historia Andina 3:313–339.Google Scholar
Meskell, Lynn 1984 Andean Societies. Annual Review of Anthropology 13:119–141.Google Scholar
Meskell, Lynn 1985a El Archipelago Vertical Revisited. In Andean Ecology and Civilization: An Interdisciplinary Perspective on Andean Ecological Complementarity, edited by Shozo Masuda, Izumi Shimada, and Craig Morris, pp. 3–13. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.Google Scholar
Meskell, Lynn 1985b The Limits and Limitations of the “Vertical Archipelago.” In Andean Ecology and Civilization: An Interdisciplinary Perspective on Andean Ecological Complementarity, edited by Shozo Masuda, Izumi Shimada, and Craig Morris, pp. 15–20. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.Google Scholar
Navarrete, Rodrigo 1990 Cerámica y etnicidad. Una aproximación al estudio de las formas culturales como expresión de lo étnico. Boletín de Antropología Americana 22:47–80.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Axel E. 2001 Evolución del espacio doméstico en el norte de Lípez (Potosí, Bolivia): ca. 900–1700 DC. Estudios Atacameños 21:41–62.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Axel E., and Berberián, Eduardo E. 2008 El Señorío Mallku revisitado. Aportes al conocimiento de la historia prehispánica tardía de Lípez. In Arqueología de las Tierras Altas, Valles Interandinos y Tierras Bajas de Bolivia: Memorias del 1 Congreso de Arqueología de Bolivia, edited by Claudia Rivera Casanovas, pp. 145–166. Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas y Arqueológicas, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz.Google Scholar
Núñez A., Lautaro, and Dillehay, Tom D 1995 Movilidad giratoria, armonía social y desarrollo en los Andes meridionales: patrones de tráfico e interacciñn económica. Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta.Google Scholar
Nystrom, Kenneth C. 2009 The Reconstruction of Identity: A Case Study from Chachapoya, Peru. In Bioarchaeology and Identity in the Americas, edited by Kelly J. Knudson and Christopher M. Stojanowski, pp. 82–102. University Press of Florida. Tallahassee.Google Scholar
Oakland Rodman, Amy 1992 Textiles and Ethnicity: Tiwanaku in San Pedro de Atacama, North Chile. Latin American Antiquity 3:316–40.Google Scholar
Oakland Rodman, Amy, and Arabel, Gioconda López, Fernández 2005 North Coast Style after Moche: Clothing and Identity at El Brujo, Chicama Valley, Peru. In Us and Them: Archaeology and Ethnicity in the Andes, edited by Richard M. Reycraft, pp. 115–133. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Ogburn, Dennis E. 2007 Incas Past and Present: Archaeology and the Indigenous Saraguros of Southern Ecuador. Stanford Journal of Archaeology 5:134–163.Google Scholar
Ogburn, Dennis E. 2008 Becoming Saraguro: Ethnogenesis in the Context of Inca and Spanish Colonialism. Ethnohistory 55:287–319.Google Scholar
Páez, María Cecilia, and Giovannetti, Marco 2008 Tipologizando identidades. Reflexiones sobre la constructión de identidades étnicas en la arqueología del NOA. Avá 13:1–21.Google Scholar
Patterson, Thomas C. 1987 Tribes, Chiefdoms, and Kingdoms in the Inca Empire. In Power Relations and State Formation, edited by Thomas C. Patterson and Christine W. Gailey, pp.117–127. American Anthropological Association, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Reycraft, Richard M. 2005 Style Change and Ethnogenesis among the Chiribaya of Far South Coastal Peru. In Us and Them: Archaeology and Ethnicity in the Andes, edited by Richard M. Reycraft, pp. 54–72. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Reycraft, Richard M. (editor) 2005 Us and Them: Archaeology and Ethnicity in the Andes. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Rostworowski de Diez Canseco, María 1990 Las macroetnias en el ámbito andino. Allpanchis 1(35/36):3–28.Google Scholar
Rowe, John H. 1946 Inca Culture at the Time of the Spanish Conquest. In The Andean Civilizations, edited by Julian H. Steward, pp. 183–330. Handbook of South American Indians, Vol. 2, Julian H. Steward, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Rowe, John H. 1962 Stages and Periods in Archaeological Interpretation. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 18(1):40–54.Google Scholar
Sackett, James R. 1985 Style and Ethnicity in the Kalahari: A Reply to Wiessner. American Antiquity 50:154–159.Google Scholar
Sackett, James R. 1986 Isochrestism and Style: A Clarification. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 5:266–277.Google Scholar
Sackett, James R. 1990 Style and Ethnicity in Archaeology: The Case for Isochrestism. In Uses of Style in Archaeology, edited by Margaret Conkey and Christine Hasdorf, pp. 32–43. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Salomon, Frank 1982 Andean Ethnology in the 1970s: A Retrospective. Latin American Research Review 17(2):75–128.Google Scholar
Salomon, Frank 1985 The Dynamic Potential of the Complementarity Concept. In Andean Ecology and Civilization: An Interdisciplinary Perspective on Andean Ecological Complementarity, edited by Shozo Masuda, Izumi Shimada, Craig Morris,pp. 511–31. University of Tokyo, Tokyo.Google Scholar
Santoro, Calogero, Dillehay, Tom D., Hidalgo, Jorge, Valenzuela, Daniela, Romero, Alvaro L., Rothhammer, Francisco, and Standen, Vivian 2010 Revisita al tercer caso de verticalidad de John Murra en las costas de los Andes centrales y centro sur. Chungará 42(1):325–340.Google Scholar
Shennan, Stephen 1989 Introduction: Archaeological Approaches to Cultural Identity. In Archaeological Approaches to Cultural Identity, edited by Stephen Shennan, pp. 1–32. One World Archaeology 10. Unwin and Hyman & Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Shimada, Izumi 1982 Horizontal Archipelago and Coast-Highlands Interaction in North Peru: Archaeological Models. In El hombre y su ambiente en los Andes centrales, edited by Luis Millones, Hiroyasu Tomoeda, and Kokuritsu Minzokugaku Hakubutsukan, pp. 137–210. Senri ethnological studies 10. National Museum of Ethnography, Osaka.Google Scholar
Sillar, Bill, and Dean, Emily 2002 Identidad étnica bajo el dominio inca: una evaluatión arqueológica y etnohistórica de las repercusiones del estado Inka en el grupo étnico canas. Boletín de Arqueología (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú) 6:205–264.Google Scholar
Silverman, Helaine 1988 Cahuachi: Non-Urban Cultural Complexity on the South Coast of Peru. Journal of Field Archaeology 15(4):403–430.Google Scholar
Silverman, Helaine 1993 Cahuachi in the Ancient Nasca World. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.Google Scholar
Stanish, Charles 1989 Household Archeology: Testing Models of Zonal Complementarity in the South Central Andes. American Anthropologist 91:7–24.Google Scholar
Stanish, Charles 1992 Ancient Andean Political Economy. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Stanish, Charles 2003 Ancient Titicaca: The Evolution of Complex Society in Southern Peru and Northern Bolivia. University of California Press, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Stanish, Charles 2005 Discussion: Migration, Colonies, and Ethnicity in the South-Central Andes. In Us and Them: Archaeology and Ethnicity in the Andes, edited by Richard M. Reycraft, pp. 226–232. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Stanish, Charles, de la Vega, Edmundo, and Lawrence Frye, Kirk 1993 Domestic Architecture of Lupaqa Area Sites. In Domestic Architecture, Ethnicity, and Complementarity in the South-Central Andes, edited by Mark S. Aldenderfer, pp. 83–93. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.Google Scholar
Stark, Barbara L., and Chance, John K. 2008 Diachronic and Multidisciplinary Perspective on Mesoamerican Ethnicity. In Ethnic Identity in Nahua Mesoamerica: The View from Archaeology, Art History, Ethnohislory and Contemporary Ethnography, edited by Frances F. Berdan, John K. Chance, Alan R. Sandstrom, Barbara L. Stark, James M. Taggart and Emily Umberger, pp. 1–37. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Stojanowski, Christopher M. 2005 The Bioarchaeology of Identity in Spanish Colonial Florida: Social and Evolutionary Transformation Before, During, and After Demographic Collapse. American Anthropologist 107:417–431.Google Scholar
Stone, Tammy 2003 Social Identity and Ethnic Interaction in the Western Pueblos of the American Southwest. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 10:31–67.Google Scholar
Stovel, Emily M. 2005 The Archaeology of Identity Construction: Ceramic Evidence from Northern Chile. In Global Archaeological Theory: Contextual Voices and Contemporary Theories, edited by Pedro Paulo Funari, Andrés Zarankin, and Emily M. Stovel, pp. 145–166. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
Stovel, Emily M. 2008 Interaction and Social Fields in San Pedro de Atacama, Northern Chile. In The Handbook of South American Archaeology, edited by Helaine Silverman and William H. Isbell, pp. 979–1002. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
Sutter, Richard C. 2000 Prehistoric Genetic and Culture Change: A Biological Search for Pre-Inka Altiplano Colonies in the Coastal Valleys of Moquegua, Peru and Azapa, Chile. Latin American Antiquity 11:43–70.Google Scholar
Sutter, Richard C. 2005 A Bioarchaeological Assessment of Prehistoric Ethnicity among Early Late Intermediate Period Populations of the Azapa Valley, Chile. In Us and Them: Archaeology and Ethnicity in the Andes, edited by Richard M. Reycraft, pp. 183–205. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Sutter, Richard C., and Mertz, Lisa 2004 Nonmetric Cranial Trait Variation and Prehistoric Bio-Cultural Change in the Azapa Valley, Chile. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 123:130–145.Google Scholar
Thomas, Julian 1996 Time, Culture and Identity: An Interpretive Archaeology. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Topic, John 1998 Ethnogenesis in Huamanchucho. Andean Past 5:109–127.Google Scholar
Torres-Rouff, Christina 2002 Cranial Vault Modification and Ethnicity in Middle Horizon San Pedro de Atacama, Chile. Current Anthropology 43:163–171.Google Scholar
Torres-Rouff, Christina 2007 La deformatión craneana en San Pedro de Atacama. Estudios Atacameños 33:25–38.Google Scholar
Torres-Rouff, Christina 2008 The Influence of Tiwanaku on Life in the Chilean Atacama: Mortuary and Bodily Perspectives. American Anthropologist 110:325–337.Google Scholar
Torres-Rouff, Christina 2009 The Bodily Expression of Ethnic Identity: Head Shaping in the Chilean Atacama. In Bioarchaeology and Identity in the Americas, edited by Kelly J. Knudson and Christopher M. Stojanowski, pp. 212–227. University of Florida Press, Tallahassee.Google Scholar
Torres-Rouff, Christina, Knudson, Kelly J., and Stovel, Emily M. 2012 Considering Power and the Display of Wealth and Exotica: Northern Chile’s Larache Cemetery. Manuscript on file, Anthropology Department, Ripon College, Ripon, Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Trigger, Bruce 1984 Alternative Archaeologies: Nationalist, Colonialist, and Imperialist. Man 19:355–370.Google Scholar
Tung, Tiffany A. 2008 Life on the Move: Bioarchaeological Contributions to the Study of Migration and Diaspora Communities in the Andes. In The Handbook of South American Archaeology, edited by Helaine Silverman and William H. Isbell, pp. 671–680. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
Tung, Tiffiny A., and Knudson, Kelly J. 2008 Social Identities and Geographical Origins of Wari Trophy Heads from Conchopata, Peru. Current Anthropology 49:915–925.Google Scholar
Uribe, Mauricio, Adán, Leonor, and Agüero, Carolina 2002 El dominio del inka, identidad local y complejidad social y las tierras altas del desierto de Atacama, Norte Grande de Chile (1450–1541 DC). Boletín de Arqueología PUCP 6:301–336.Google Scholar
Van Buren, Mary 1996 Rethinking the Vertical Archipelago: Ethnicity, Exchange, and History in the South Central Andes. American Anthropologist 98:338–351.Google Scholar
Van Gijseghem, Hendrik 2006 A Frontier Perspective on Paracas Society and Nasca Ethnogenesis. Latin American Antiquity 17:419–444.Google Scholar
Vaughn, Kevin J. 2005 Household Approaches to Ethnicity on the South Coast of Peru: The Domestic Architecture of Early Nasca Society. In Us and Them: Archaeology and Ethnicity in the Andes, edited by Richard M. Reycraft, pp. 86–103. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Watson, Patty Jo 1995 Archaeology, Anthropology, and the Culture Concept. American Anthropologist 97:683–694.Google Scholar
Wiessner, Polly 1983 Style and Social Information in Kalahari San Projectile Points. American Antiquity 48:253–276.Google Scholar
Wiessner, Polly 1984 Reconsidering the Behavioral Basis for Style: A Case Study Among the Kalahari San. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 3:190–234.Google Scholar
Wiessner, Polly 1985 Style or Isochrestic Variation? A Reply to Sackett. American Antiquity 50:160–166.Google Scholar
Williams, Sloan R. 2005 Ethnicity, Kinship, and Ancient DNA. In Us and Them: Archaeology and Ethnicity in the Andes, edited by Richard M. Reycraft, pp. 134–152. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Williams, Verónica 2005 Unidades étnicas. Discusión sobre un acercamiento arqueológico. In Género y etnicidad en la arqueología sudamericana, edited by Verónica Williams and Benjamín Alberti, pp. 163–192. Serie Teórica 4. Núcleo Consolidado de Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Olavarría.Google Scholar
Williams, Verónica, and Alberti, Benjamin (editors) 2005 Género y etnicidad en la arqueología sudamericana. Serie Teórica 4. Núcleo Consolidado de Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Olavarría.Google Scholar
Wise, Karen 1993 Late Intermediate Period Architecture of Lukurmata. In Domestic Architecture, Ethnicity, and Complementarity in the South-Central Andes, edited by Mark S Alden-derfer.pp. 103–113. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.Google Scholar
Wobst, H. Martin 1977 Stylistic Behavior and Information Exchange. In For the Director: Research Essays in Honor of James B. Griffin, edited by Charles E. Cleland, pp. 317–42. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar