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Architecture, Settlement, and Formative Developments in the Equatorial Andes: New Discoveries in the Department of Tumbes, Peru

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Jerry D. Moore
Jerry D. Moore*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, California State University Dominguez Hills, 1000 E. Victoria St., Carson, CA 90747 (jmoore@csudh.edu)
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Abstract

The cultural transformations associated with the Formative period are pivotal for understanding the prehistory of the Americas. Over the last five decades, investigations in southwestern Ecuador have provided an early and robust set of archaeological data relating to Archaic-to-Formative transformations as exemplified by the Las Vegas, Valdivia, Machalilla, and Chorrera archaeological traditions. However, recent archaeological research in adjacent zones of the equatorial Andes indicates that the transformations in southwestern Ecuador were paralleled by coeval but distinct developments. Recent (2006–2007) excavations in the Department of Tumbes, Peru, have documented previously unknown Formative transformations, including the development of substantial domestic architecture during the Archaic (ca. 4700–4330 B.C.E.) and early Formative (ca. 3500–3100 B.C.E.), the shift from elliptical pole-and-thatch dwellings to rectangular wattle-and-daub structures at ca. 900–500 B.C.E., and the construction of public architecture and the establishment of a two-tiered settlement system by ca. 1000–800 B.C.E. These recently discovered archaeological patterns from Tumbes and additional data from southern Ecuador provide the basis for revised comparative perspectives in which southwestern Ecuador is a significant—but no longer the only—vantage point for understanding the evolution of Formative societies in the equatorial Andes.

Las transformaciones culturales asociadas con el Formativo son claves para nuestro entendimiento de la prehistoria americana. En los andes ecuatoriales, la península Santa Elena y las zonas cercanas del suroeste de Ecuador, nos han presentado un temprano y robusto conjunto de datos arqueológicos sobre las transformaciones del Arcaico al Formativo como las culturas arqueológicas de Las Vegas, Valdivia, Machalilla, y Chorrera. Sin embargo, investigaciones recientes en zonas aledañas de los Andes ecuatoriales muestran que las transformaciones que ocurrieron en el suroeste de Ecuador fueron acompañadas por desarrollos coetáneos pero distintos en el sur de Ecuador y el norte del Perú. Investigaciones recientes (2006–2007) en el Departmento de Tumbes, Perú, descubrieron datos nuevos sobre el proceso Formativo y sus antecedentes en tres sitios: El Porvenir, Santa Rosa, y Uña de Gato. Entre otros hallazgos, se incluyen los restos de una estructura del la época Arcaica de A.C. 4700–4330, una casa elíptica con tamaño 12.8 × 11 m con una fecha de A.C. 3500–3100, y una secuencia de estructuras que marca el cambio ca. A.C. 950/800 a 500 de estructuras elípticas hechas de palma y poste a estructuras rectangulares hechas de bahareque. Además, las excavaciones establecieron el desarrollo de arquitectura pública que comenzó posiblemente para A.C. 1400 pero claramente fue establecida para A.C. 1000–800, una época marcada también por un cambio fundamental en los patrones de asentamiento en cual Uña de Gato fue el centro regional y El Porvenir una aldea pequeña. En fin, los descubrimientos nuevos de Tumbes y otros datos comparativos nos presentan una visión amplia en cual la península de Santa Elena representa una importante, pero no la única, punto de vista para entender la evolución de las sociedades del Formativo enlos Andes ecuatoriales.

Type
Research Article
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 21 , Issue 2 , June 2010 , pp. 147 - 172
Copyright
Copyright © 2010 by the Society for American Archaeology.

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