Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T06:36:25.314Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

An Examination of the Composition and Microstructure of Coarse Intermetallic Particles in AA2099-T8, Including Li Detection

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 June 2018

Colin M. MacRae ,
Anthony E. Hughes ,
James S. Laird ,
A. M. Glenn ,
Nicholas C. Wilson ,
Aaron Torpy ,
Mark A. Gibson ,
Xiaorong Zhou ,
Nick Birbilis  and
George E. Thompson
Colin M. MacRae*
Affiliation:
CSIRO, Mineral Resources, Bayview Ave, Clayton, 3169, Victoria, Australia
Anthony E. Hughes
Affiliation:
CSIRO, Mineral Resources, Bayview Ave, Clayton, 3169, Victoria, Australia Institute of Frontier Materials, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC3800, Australia
James S. Laird
Affiliation:
CSIRO, Mineral Resources, Bayview Ave, Clayton, 3169, Victoria, Australia
A. M. Glenn
Affiliation:
CSIRO, Mineral Resources, Bayview Ave, Clayton, 3169, Victoria, Australia
Nicholas C. Wilson
Affiliation:
CSIRO, Mineral Resources, Bayview Ave, Clayton, 3169, Victoria, Australia
Aaron Torpy
Affiliation:
CSIRO, Mineral Resources, Bayview Ave, Clayton, 3169, Victoria, Australia
Mark A. Gibson
Affiliation:
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC3800, Australia CSIRO, Manufacturing, Bayview Ave, Clayton, VIC3169, Australia
Xiaorong Zhou
Affiliation:
Corrosion and Protection Centre, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, England, UK
Nick Birbilis
Affiliation:
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC3800, Australia
George E. Thompson
Affiliation:
Corrosion and Protection Centre, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, England, UK
*
Author for correspondence: Colin M. MacRae, E-mail: colin.macrae@csiro.au
Get access

Abstract

Electron and proton microprobes, along with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis were used to study the microstructure of the contemporary Al–Cu–Li alloy AA2099-T8. In electron probe microanalysis, wavelength and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry were used in parallel with soft X-ray emission spectroscopy (SXES) to characterize the microstructure of AA2099-T8. The electron microprobe was able to identify five unique compositions for constituent intermetallic (IM) particles containing combinations of Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn. A sixth IM type was found to be rich in Ti and B (suggesting TiB2), and a seventh IM type contained Si. EBSD patterns for the five constituent IM particles containing Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn indicated that they were isomorphous with four phases in the 2xxx series aluminium alloys including Al6(Fe, Mn), Al13(Fe, Mn)4 (two slightly different compositions), Al37Cu2Fe12 and Al7Cu2Fe. SXES revealed that Li was present in some constituent IM particles. Al SXES mapping revealed an Al-enriched (i.e., Cu, Li-depleted) zone in the grain boundary network. From the EBSD analysis, the kernel average misorientation map showed higher levels of localized misorientation in this region, suggesting greater deformation or stored energy. Proton-induced X-ray emission revealed banding of the TiB2 IM particles and Cu inter-band enrichment.

Keywords

AA2099 aluminium alloyselectron microprobesoft X-ray emission spectroscopyLi detectionelectron backscatter diffraction
Type
Materials Science Applications
Information
Microscopy and Microanalysis , Volume 24 , Issue 4 , August 2018 , pp. 325 - 341
Copyright
© Microscopy Society of America 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ambat, R Dwarakadasa, ES (1992) The influence of pH on the corrosion of medium strength aerospace alloys 8090, 2091 and 2014. Corr Sci 33(5), 681–690.Google Scholar
Boag, A, Taylor, RJ, Muster, TH, Goodman, N, McCulloch, D, Ryan, C, Rout, B, Jamieson, D Hughes, AE (2010) Stable pit formation on AA2024-T3 in a NaCl environment. Corr Sci 52(1), 90–103.Google Scholar
Boag, AP, McCulloch, DG, Jamieson, DN, Hearne, SM, Hughes, AE, Ryan, CG Toh, SK (2005) Combined nuclear microprobe and TEM study of corrosion pit nucleation by intermetallics in aerospace aluminium alloys. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res Sec B 231, 457–462.Google Scholar
Brodusch, N, Voisard, F Gauvin, R (2017) About the contrast of δ’ precipitates in bulk Al–Cu–Li alloys in reflection mode with a field‐emission scanning electron microscope at low accelerating voltage. J Microsc 268(2), 107–118.Google Scholar
Bruhwiler, PA, Wagner, JL, Biggs, BD, Shen, Y, Wong, KM, Schnatterly, SE Poon, SJ (1988) Soft-x-ray, heat-capacity, and transport measurements on icosahedral and crystalline alloys. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 37(11), 6529–6532.Google Scholar
Buchheit, RG (2000) The electrochemistry of theta (Al2Cu), S (Al2CuMg) and T-1 (Al2CuLi) and localized corrosion and environment assisted cracking in high strength Al alloys. In Aluminium Alloys: Their Physical and Mechanical Properties, Pts. 1–3; vol. 331–333, Starke EA, Sanders TH and Cassada WA (Eds.), pp. 1641–1646. Cham, Switzerland: Wiley-VCH.Google Scholar
Buchheit, RG, Moran, JP Stoner, GE (1990) Localized corrosion behavior of alloy-2090 – the role of microstructural heterogeneity. Corrosion 46(8), 610–617.Google Scholar
Buchheit, RG, Moran, JP Stoner, GE (1994) Electrochemical-behavior of the T-1 (Al2CuLi) intermetallic compound and its role in localized corrosion of Al-2-percent-Li-3-percent-Cu alloys. Corrosion 50(2), 120–130.Google Scholar
Carrick, DM, Hogg, SC Wilcox, GD (2013) Corrosion of an advanced Al-Cu-Li alloy for aerospace applications. Mater Sci Forum 765, 629–633.Google Scholar
Carrick, DM, Hogg, SC Wilcox, GD (2014) Investigation into the impact of lithium additions on the corrosion response of Al-Cu alloys for aerospace applications. Corr Manage 122, 14–18.Google Scholar
Chen, A, Zhang, L, Wu, G, Peng, Y Li, Y (2016) Effect of Mn addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of cast Al-2Li-2Cu-0.8Mg-0.4Zn-0.2Zr alloy. J Mater Res 31(2), 250–258.Google Scholar
Davo, B, Conde, A de Damborenea, JJ (2005) Inhibition of stress corrosion cracking of alloy AA8090 T-8171 by addition of rare earth salts. Corr Sci 47(5), 1227–1237.Google Scholar
Davo, B de Damborenea, JJ (2004) Use of rare earth salts as electrochemical corrosion inhibitors for an Al-Li-Cu (8090) alloy in 3.56% NaCl. Electrochim Acta 49(27), 4957–4965.Google Scholar
Dorin, T, Deschamps, A, Geuser, FD Sigli, C (2014) Quantification and modelling of the microstructure/strength relationship by tailoring the morphological parameters of the T1 phase in an Al-Cu-Li alloy. Acta Mater 75, 134–146.Google Scholar
Drouin, D, Couture, AR, Joly, D, Tastet, X, Aimez, V Gauvin, R (2007) CASINO V2.42 - A fast and easy-to-use modeling tool for scanning electron microscopy and microanalysis users. Scanning 29(3), 92–101.Google Scholar
Dursun, T Soutis, C (2014) Recent developments in advanced aircraft aluminium alloys. Mater Design 56, 862–871.Google Scholar
Feng, Z, Yang, Y, Huang, B, Luo, X, Li, M, Chen, Y, Han, M, Fu, M Ru, J (2013) HRTEM and HAADF-STEM tomography investigation of the heterogeneously formed S (Al2CuMg) precipitates in Al–Cu–Mg alloy. Philos Mag 93(15), 1843–1858.Google Scholar
Garrard, WN (1994) Corrosion behavior of aluminum-lithium alloys. Corrosion 50(3), 215–225.Google Scholar
Goodings, DA (1965) Interpretation of the soft X-ray emission spectrum of lithium metal. Proc Phys Soc 86(1), 75–85.Google Scholar
Grilli, R, Baker, MA, Castle, JE, Dunn, B Watts, JF (2010) Localized corrosion of a 2219 aluminium alloy exposed to a 3.5% NaCl solution. Corr Sci 52(9), 2855–2866.Google Scholar
Grushko, B, Pavlyuchkov, D, Mi, SB Balanetskyy, S (2016) Ternary phases forming adjacent to Al3Mn-Al4Mn in Al-Mn-TM (TM = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pd). J Alloys Compd 677, 148–162.Google Scholar
Guérin, M, Alexis, J, Andrieu, E, Laffont, L, Lefebvre, W, Odemer, G Blanc, C (2016) Identification of the metallurgical parameters explaining the corrosion susceptibility in a 2050 aluminium alloy. Corr Sci 102, 291–300.Google Scholar
Guérin, M, Andrieu, E, Odemer, G, Alexis, J Blanc, C (2014) Effect of varying conditions of exposure to an aggressive medium on the corrosion behavior of the 2050 Al-Cu-Li alloy. Corr Sci 85, 455–470.Google Scholar
Hatch, JE (1984) Aluminium: Properties and Physical Metallurgy. Metals Park, OH: ASM International.Google Scholar
Holroyd, NJH, Scamans, GM, Newman, RC Vasudevan, AK (2014) Corrosion and stress corrosion of aluminum–lithium alloys. In Aluminum-Lithium Alloys: Processing, Properties and Applications, Prasad NE, Gokhale AA and Wanhill RJH (Eds.), pp. 457–500. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier.Google Scholar
Hovington, P, Timoshevskii, V, Burgess, S, Demers, H, Statham, P, Gauvin, R Zaghib, K (2016) Can we detect Li K X‐ray in lithium compounds using energy dispersive spectroscopy? Scanning 38(6), 571–578.Google Scholar
Huang, W, Ma, Y, Zhou, X, Meng, X, Liao, Y, Chai, L, Yi, Y Zhang, X (2016) Correlation between localized plastic deformation and localized corrosion in AA2099 aluminum-lithium alloy. Surf Interface Anal 48(8), 838–842.Google Scholar
Hughes, AE, Glenn, AM, Wilson, N, Moffatt, A, Morton, AJ Buchheit, RG (2013) A consistent description of intermetallic particle composition: An analysis of ten batches of AA2024-T3. Surf Interface Anal 45, 1558–1563.Google Scholar
Hughes, AE, MacRae, C, Wilson, N, Torpy, A, Muster, TH Glenn, AM (2010) Sheet AA2024-T3: a new investigation of microstructure and composition. Surf Interface Anal 42(4), 334–338.Google Scholar
Ishida, N Fujita, D (2013) Chemical-state imaging of Li using scanning Auger electron microscopy. J Electron Spectrosc Relat Phenom 186(1), 39–43.Google Scholar
Jamieson, DN, Rout, B, Szymanski, R, Spizzirri, P, Sakellariou, A, Belcher, W Ryan, CG (2002) The new Melbourne nuclear microprobe system. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res Sec B 190(1-4), 54–59.Google Scholar
Jiang, N, Gao, X Zheng, ZQ (2010) Microstructure evolution of aluminum-lithium alloy 2195 undergoing commercial production. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China (English Edition) 20(5), 740–745.Google Scholar
Li, JF, Birbilis, N, Liu, DY, Chen, YL, Zhang, XH Cai, C (2016) Intergranular corrosion of Zn-free and Zn-microalloyed Al–xCu–yLi alloys. Corr Sci 105, 44–57.Google Scholar
Liu, Y, Visser, P, Zhou, X, Lyon, SB, Hashimoto, T, Curioni, M, Gholinia, A, Thompson, GE, Smyth, G, Gibbon, SR, Graham, D, Mol, JMC Terrynb, H (2016) Protective film formation on AA2024-T3 Aluminum Alloy by leaching of lithium carbonate from an organic coating. J Electrochem Soc 163(3), C45–C53.Google Scholar
Luo, C, Albu, SP, Zhou, X, Sun, Z, Zhang, X, Tang, Z Thompson, GE (2016 a) Continuous and discontinuous localized corrosion of a 2xxx aluminium-copper-lithium alloy in sodium chloride solution. J Alloys Compd 658, 61–70.Google Scholar
Luo, C, Zhang, X, Zhou, X, Sun, Z, Tang, Z, Lu, F Thompson, GE (2016 b) Characterization of Localized Corrosion in an Al-Cu-Li Alloy. J Mater Eng Perform 25(5), 1811–1819.Google Scholar
Ma, Y, Zhou, X, Huang, W, Thompson, GE, Zhang, X, Luo, C Sun, Z (2015) Localized corrosion in AA2099-T83 aluminum-lithium alloy: The role of intermetallic particles. Mater Chem Phys 161, 201–210.Google Scholar
Ma, Y, Zhou, X, Liao, Y, Yi, Y, Wu, H, Wang, Z Huang, W (2016) Localised corrosion in AA 2099-T83 aluminium-lithium alloy: The role of grain orientation. Corr Sci 107, 41–48.Google Scholar
Ma, Y, Zhou, X, Thompson, GE, Hashimoto, T, Thomson, P Fowles, M (2011) Distribution of intermetallics in an AA 2099-T8 aluminium alloy extrusion. Materials Chemistry and Physics 126(1–2), 46–53.Google Scholar
Mallinson, CF, Castle, JE Watts, JF (2013) Analysis of the Li KLL auger transition on freshly exposed lithium and lithium surface oxide by AES. Surf Sci Spectra 20(1), 113–127.Google Scholar
Meletis, EI (1987) Microstructure and stress-corrosion cracking relationship in an AlLiCuZr alloy. Mater Sci Eng 93(C), 235–245.Google Scholar
Mondolfo, LF (1976) Aluminum Alloys: Structure and Properties. London, UK: Butterworth & Co.Google Scholar
Neddermeyer, H Wiech, G (1970) Soft X-ray L-emission spectrum of aluminium. Phys Lett A 31(1), 17–18.Google Scholar
Ott, N, Kairy, SK, Yan, Y Birbilis, N (2017) Evolution of grain boundary precipitates in an Al-Cu-Li alloy during aging. Metall Mater Trans A 48(1), 51–56.Google Scholar
Ott, N, Yan, Y, Ramamurthy, S, Kairy, S Birbilis, N (2016) Auger electron spectroscopy analysis of grain boundary microchemistry in an Al-Cu-Li alloy. Scripta Mater 119, 17–20.Google Scholar
Ovcharenko, RE, Tupitsyn, II, Kuznetsov, VG Shulakov, AS (2011) Study of mechanisms of formation of X-Ray emission bands in crystals by the density functional method: The Mg L 2,3 bands in metal and in MgO. Opt Spectrosc (English Translation of Optika i Spektroskopiya) 111(6), 940–948.Google Scholar
Ovcharenko, RE, Tupitsyn, II, Savinov, EP, Voloshina, EN, Dedkov, YS Shulakov, AS (2014) Calculation of the X-Ray emission K and L 2,3 bands of metallic magnesium and aluminum with allowance for multielectron effects. J Exp Theor Phys 118(1), 11–17.Google Scholar
Ovcharenko, RE, Tupitsyn, II, Savinov, EP, Voloshina, EN, Paulus, B, Dedkov, YS Shulakov, AS (2013) Specific many-electron effects in X-ray spectra of simple metals and graphene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 15(18), 6749–6756.Google Scholar
Parvizi, R, Hughes, AE, Tan, MY, Marceau, RKW, Forsyth, M, Cizek, P Glenn, AM (2017) Probing corrosion initiation at interfacial nanostructures of AA2024-T3. Corr Sci 116, 98–109.Google Scholar
Phragmen, G (1950) On the phases occurring in alloys of aluminium with copper, magnesium, manganese, iron and silicon. J Inst Met 77, 489–553.Google Scholar
Pownceby, MI, MacRae, CM Wilson, NC (2007) Mineral characterisation by EPMA mapping. Miner Eng 20(5), 444–451.Google Scholar
Proton, V, Alexis, J, Andrieu, E, Delfosse, J, Deschamps, A, De Geuser, F, Lafont, MC Blanc, C (2014) The influence of artificial ageing on the corrosion behaviour of a 2050 aluminium-copper-lithium alloy. Corr Sci 80, 494–502.Google Scholar
Rajput, SS, Singru, RM Prasad, R (1994) KKR-CPA calculations of density of states and soft X-ray emission from disordered Li-Mg alloys. Solid State Commun 90(5), 339–342.Google Scholar
Rioja, RJ Liu, J (2012) The evolution of Al-Li base products for aerospace and space applications. Metall Mater Trans A 43(9), 3325–3337.Google Scholar
Ryan, CG, Cousens, DR, Sie, SH, Griffin, WL, Suter, GF Clayton, E (1990) Quantitative pixe microanalysis of geological matemal using the CSIRO proton microprobe. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res Sect B 47(1), 55–71.Google Scholar
Schöberl, T Kumar, S (1997) Depletion of lithium due to surface oxidation: An investigation of an Al-Li-sheet by Auger-spectroscopy. J Alloys Compd 255(1–2), 135–141.Google Scholar
Sha, G, Marceau, RKW, Gao, X, Muddle, BC Ringer, SP (2011) Nanostructure of aluminium alloy 2024: Segregation, clustering and precipitation processes. Acta Mater 59(4), 1659–1670.Google Scholar
Shek, ML, Hrbek, J, Sham, TK Xu, GQ (1990) A soft X-ray study of the interaction of oxygen with Li. Surf Sci 234(3), 324–334.Google Scholar
Shek, ML, Sham, TK, Hrbek, J Xu, GQ (1991) A soft X-ray study of a LiS surface compound. Appl Surf Sci 48, 332–336.Google Scholar
Shulakov, AS, Stepanov, AP, Brajko, AP, Müller, H, Kirchmayr, H Szasz, A (1993) Surface oxidation of dilute AlMgSi alloys. J Electron Spectrosc Relat Phenom 62(4), 351–358.Google Scholar
Sperry, P (1956) The intermetallic particles in 2024 aluminum alloy. TransAm Soc Met 48, 904–918.Google Scholar
Sukiman, NL, Zhou, X, Birbilis, N, Hughes, AE, Mol, JMC, Garcia, SJ, Zhou, X Thompson, GE (2012) Durability and corrosion of aluminium and its alloys: overview, property space, techniques and developments. In Aluminium Alloys – New Trends in Fabrication and Applications, Ahmad Z (Ed.), pp 47–97. Rijeka, Croatia: Intech Publications.Google Scholar
Szymanski, R, Jamieson, DN, Hughes, AE, Mol, A, van der Zwaag, S Ryan, CG (2002) Filiform corrosion imaged beneath protection layers on Al alloys. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res Sect B 190, 365–369.Google Scholar
Takahashi, H, Murano, T, Takakura, M, Asahina, S, Terauchi, M, Koike, M, Imazono, T, Koeda, M Nagano, T (2016) Development of soft X-ray emission spectrometer for EPMA/SEM and its application. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 109, 012017.Google Scholar
Tsuji, J, Kojima, K, Ikeda, S, Nakamatsu, H, Mukoyama, T Taniguchi, K (2001) Li K-edge spectra of lithium halides. J Synchrotron Radiat 8(2), 554–556.Google Scholar
Visser, P, Terryn, H Mol, JMC (2016) Aerospace coatings. Springer Ser Mater Sci 233, 315–372.Google Scholar
Warner, T (2006) Recently-developed aluminium solutions for aerospace applications. Mater Sci Forum 519-521, 1271–1278.Google Scholar
Wilson, N, MacRae, C Torpy, A (2008) Analysis of combined multi-signal hyperspectral datasets using a clustering algorithm and visualisation tools. Microsc Microanal 14(Suppl 2), 764–765.Google Scholar
Wu, X Hebert, K (1996) Development of Surface Impurity Segregation during Dissolution of Aluminum. J Electrochem Soc 143(1), 83–91.Google Scholar
Zhou, X, Luo, C, Ma, Y, Hashimoto, T, Thompson, GE, Hughes, AE Skeldon, P (2013) Grain-stored energy and the propagation of intergranular corrosion in AA2xxx aluminium alloys. Surf Interface Anal 45(10), 1543–1547.Google Scholar