Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T08:28:38.417Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Effect of Reheating and Quenching on the Cathodoluminescence Intensity of Free Lime in Steelmaking Slag

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 May 2021

Susumu Imashuku*
Affiliation:
Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai980-8577, Japan
Makoto Nagasako
Affiliation:
Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai980-8577, Japan
Kazuaki Wagatsuma
Affiliation:
Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai980-8577, Japan
*
*Author for correspondence: Susumu Imashuku, E-mail: susumu.imashuku@imr.tohoku.ac.jp
Get access

Abstract

Determining free lime content in steelmaking slag is crucial for its safe reuse in road construction. A simple method has been recently developed to rapidly derive this value via cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging of steelmaking slag, previously quenched from 1,000°C to room temperature, according to the illuminated areas corresponding to free lime (luminescence peak at 600 nm). This quenching is required to obtain intense CL from free lime, but the mechanism of such signal enhancement is still unknown. Therefore, the present study investigated the mechanism by comparing the microstructures, CL images, and CL spectra of free lime in quenched and unquenched steelmaking slag. Large amounts of defects, including dislocations, were observed in the free lime emitting intense luminescence at 600 nm, whereas the samples without clear CL exhibited only a few defects. These results and previous studies suggest that the luminescence at 600 nm from free lime is enhanced by the CL originating from oxygen vacancies (380 nm); therefore, the enhancement of the intensity of the free lime CL peak could be attributed to the increase in the oxygen vacancies via quenching from 1,000°C to room temperature.

Type
Materials Science Applications
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Microscopy Society of America

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amaral, LF, Oliveira, IR, Bonadia, P, Salomão, R & Pandolfelli, VC (2011). Chelants to inhibit magnesia (MgO) hydration. Ceram Int 37(5), 15371542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blasse, G & Grabmaier, BC (1994). Luminescent Materials. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carrasco, J, Sousa, C, Illas, F, Sushko, PV & Shluger, AL (2006). Optical absorption and luminescence energies of F centers in CaO from ab initio embedded cluster calculations. J Chem Phys 125(7), 074710.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chatterji, S (1995). Mechanism of expansion of concrete due to the presence of dead-burnt CaO and MgO. Cem Concr Res 25(1), 5156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feng, L, Hao, Z, Zhang, X, Zhang, L, Pan, G, Luo, Y, Zhang, L, Zhao, H & Zhang, J (2016). Red emission generation through highly efficient energy transfer from Ce3+ to Mn2+ in CaO for warm white LEDs. Dalton Trans 45(4), 15391545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, LV & Barron, AR (2019). The recycling and reuse of steelmaking slags—A review. Resour Conserv Recycl 146, 244255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaft, M, Reisfeld, R & Panczer, G (2005). Luminescence Spectroscopy of Minerals and Materials. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
Gribkovskii, VP (1998). Theory of luminescence. In Luminescence of Solids, Vij, DR (Ed.), pp. 143. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Henderson, B, Stokowski, SE & Ensign, TC (1969). Luminescence from F centers in calcium oxide. Phys Rev 183(3), 826831.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imashuku, S, Hashimoto, W & Wagatsuma, K (2021). Nondestructive thickness measurement of silica scale using cathodoluminescence. Spectrochim Acta, Part A 246, 119022.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Imashuku, S, Ono, K, Shishido, R, Suzuki, S & Wagatsuma, K (2017 a). Cathodoluminescence analysis for rapid identification of alumina and MgAl2O4 spinel inclusions in steels. Mater Charact 131, 210216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imashuku, S, Ono, K & Wagatsuma, K (2017 b). Rapid phase mapping in heat-treated powder mixture of alumina and magnesia utilizing cathodoluminescence. X-Ray Spectrom 46(2), 131135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imashuku, S, Ono, K & Wagatsuma, K (2017 c). X-ray excited optical luminescence and portable electron probe microanalyzer-cathodoluminescence (EPMA-CL) analyzers for on-line and on-site analysis of nonmetallic inclusions in steel. Microsc Microanal 23(6), 11431149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Imashuku, S, Tsuneda, H & Wagatsuma, K (2020 a). Effects of divalent-cation iron and manganese oxides on the luminescence of free lime and free magnesia. Spectrochim Acta, Part A 229, 117952.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Imashuku, S, Tsuneda, H & Wagatsuma, K (2020 b). Rapid and simple identification of free magnesia in steelmaking slag used for road construction using cathodoluminescence. Metall Mater Trans B 51, 2834.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imashuku, S & Wagatsuma, K (2018). Rapid identification of calcium aluminate inclusions in steels using cathodoluminescence analysis. Metall Mater Trans B 49B(5), 28682874.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imashuku, S & Wagatsuma, K (2019 a). Cathodoluminescence analysis of nonmetallic inclusions of nitrides in steel. Surf Interface Anal 51(1), 3134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imashuku, S & Wagatsuma, K (2019 b). Non-destructive evaluation of alumina scale on heat-resistant steels using cathodoluminescence and x-ray-excited optical luminescence. Corros Sci 154, 226230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imashuku, S & Wagatsuma, K (2019 c). Simple identification of Al2O3 and MgO⋅Al2O3 spinel inclusions in steel using X-ray-excited optical luminescence. X-Ray Spectrom 48(5), 522526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imashuku, S & Wagatsuma, K (2020 a). Determination of area fraction of free lime in steelmaking slag using cathodoluminescence and X-ray excited optical luminescence. Metall Mater Trans B 51, 20032011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imashuku, S & Wagatsuma, K (2020 b). Cathodoluminescence analysis for the nondestructive evaluation of silica scale on an iron-based alloy. Oxid Met 93(1–2), 175182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imashuku, S & Wagatsuma, K (2020 c). Cathodoluminescence analysis of nonmetallic inclusions in steel deoxidized and desulfurized by rare-earth metals (La, Ce, Nd). Metall Mater Trans B 51, 7984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imashuku, S & Wagatsuma, K (2020 d). Rapid identification of rare earth element bearing minerals in ores by cathodoluminescence method. Miner Eng 151, 106317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imashuku, S & Wagatsuma, K (2021). X-ray-excited optical luminescence imaging for on-site identification of xenotime. J Geochem Explor 225, 106763.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, R & Suito, H (1995). Hydration of crystallized lime in BOF slags. ISIJ Int 35(3), 272279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Javellana, MP & Jawed, I (1982). Extraction of free lime in portland cement and clinker by ethylene glycol. Cem Concr Res 12(3), 399403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, Y, Ling, T-C, Shi, C & Pan, S-Y (2018). Characteristics of steel slags and their use in cement and concrete—A review. Resour Conserv Recycl 136, 187197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Juckes, LM (2003). The volume stability of modern steelmaking slags. Trans Inst Min Metall, Sect C 112(3), 177197.Google Scholar
Kambole, C, Paige-Green, P, Kupolati, WK, Ndambuki, JM & Adeboje, AO (2017). Basic oxygen furnace slag for road pavements: A review of material characteristics and performance for effective utilisation in Southern Africa. Constr Build Mater 148, 618631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kato, M, Hari, T, Saito, S & Shibukawa, M (2014). Determination of free lime in steelmaking slags by Use of ethylene glycol extraction/ICP-AES and thermogravimetry. Tetsu-to-Hagane - J Iron Steel Inst Jpn 100(3), 340345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacPherson, DR & Forbrich, LR (1937). Determination of uncombined lime in portland cement: The ethylene glycol method. Ind Eng Chem Anal Ed 9(10), 451453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marfunin, AS (1979). Spectroscopy, Luminescence and Radiation Centers in Minerals. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naidu, TS, Sheridan, CM & van Dyk, LD (2020). Basic oxygen furnace slag: Review of current and potential uses. Miner Eng 149, 106234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niida, A, Okohira, K, Tanaka, A & Kai, T (1983). Crystallization of free lime and magnesia from molten LD-converter slag. Tetsu-to-Hagane - J Iron Steel Inst Jpn 69(1), 4250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nippon Slag Association (2020). Chemical composition of iron and steel slag. Nippon Slag Association Web.Google Scholar
Pan, S-Y, Adhikari, R, Chen, Y-H, Li, P & Chiang, P-C (2016). Integrated and innovative steel slag utilization for iron reclamation, green material production and CO2 fixation via accelerated carbonation. J Clean Prod 137, 617631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panis, A (1984). Utilisation des scories LD en technique routiere. Bull Eng Geol Environ 30(1), 449451.Google Scholar
Pogatshnik, GJ (1994). A new interpretation of the “F-center” luminescence in CaO crystals. J Lumin 60–61, 535539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, DI, Bray, AW, Udoma, G, Hobson, AJ, Mayes, WM, Rogerson, M & Burke, IT (2018). Hydration of dicalcium silicate and diffusion through neo-formed calcium-silicate-hydrates at weathered surfaces control the long-term leaching behaviour of basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steelmaking slag. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 25(10), 98619872.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsuneda, H, Imashuku, S & Wagatsuma, K (2019). Detection of free-lime in steelmaking sag by cathodoluminescence method. Tetsu-to-Hagane - J Iron Steel Inst Jpn 105(5), 3037.Google Scholar
Vaverka, J & Sakurai, K (2014). Quantitative determination of free lime amount in steelmaking slag by X-ray diffraction. ISIJ Int 54(6), 13341337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, G, Wang, Y & Gao, Z (2010). Use of steel slag as a granular material: Volume expansion prediction and usability criteria. J Hazard Mater 184(1-3), 555560.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, RF & Wilson, TM (1975). Electronic structure of the F-center in CaO and MgO. Solid State Commun 16(5), 545548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yacobi, BG & Holt, DB (1990). Cathodoluminescence Microscopy of Inorganic Solids, pp. 151155. New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yüksel, İ (2017). A review of steel slag usage in construction industry for sustainable development. Environ Dev Sustain 19(2), 369384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Imashuku et al. supplementary material

Figures S1-S3

Download Imashuku et al. supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 429 KB