Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T07:14:15.919Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Mechanism of FIB-Induced Phase Transformation in Austenitic Steel

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 November 2021

Joseph R. Michael Open the ORCID record for Joseph R. Michael [Opens in a new window] ,
Lucille A. Giannuzzi ,
M. Grace Burke  and
Xiang Li Zhong
Joseph R. Michael*
Affiliation:
Sandia National Laboratory, PO Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM87185-0886, USA
Lucille A. Giannuzzi
Affiliation:
L.A. Giannuzzi & Associates LLC, Fort Myers, FL33913USA
M. Grace Burke
Affiliation:
Materials Performance Centre, Department of Materials, University of Manchester, ManchesterM13 9PL, UK
Xiang Li Zhong
Affiliation:
Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, UK
*
*Corresponding author: Joseph R. Michael, E-mail: jrmicha@sandia.gov
Get access

Abstract

The transformation of unstable austenite to ferrite or α′ martensite as a result of exposure to Xe+ or Ga+ ions at room temperature was studied in a 304 stainless steel casting alloy. Controlled Xe+ and Ga+ ion beam exposures of the 304 were carried out at a variety of beam/sample geometries. It was found that both Ga+ and Xe+ ion irradiation resulted in the transformation of the austenite to either ferrite or α′ martensite. In this paper, we will refer to the transformation product as a BCC phase. The crystallographic orientation of the transformed area was controlled by the orientation of the austenite grain and was consistent with either the Nishiyama–Wasserman or the Kurdjumov–Sachs orientation relationships. On the basis of the Xe+ and Ga+ ion beam exposures, the transformation is not controlled by the chemical stabilization of the BCC phase by the ion species, but is a result of the disorder caused by the ion-induced recoil motion and subsequent return of the disordered region to a more energetically favorable phase.

Keywords

austeniteFIBgalliumphase transformationxenon
Type
Materials Science Applications
Information
Microscopy and Microanalysis , Volume 28 , Issue 1 , February 2022 , pp. 70 - 82
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Microscopy Society of America

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexander, DE & Was, GS (1993). Thermal-spike treatment of ion-induced grain growth: Theory and experimental comparison. Phys Rev B 47(6), 2983–2995.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Averback, RS & Ghaly, M (1994). A model for surface damage in ion-irradiated solids. J Appl Phys 76(6), 3908–3910.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Babu, RP, Irukuvarghula, S, Harte, A & Preuss, M (2016). Nature of gallium focused ion beam induced phase transformation in 316L austenitic stainless steel. Acta Mater 120, 391–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basa, A, Thaulow, C & Barnoush, A (2014). Chemically induced phase transformation in austenite by focused ion beam. Metall Mater Trans A 45(3), 1189–1198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bassim, N, Scott, K & Giannuzzi, LA (2014). Recent advances in focused ion beam technology and applications. MRS Bull 39(4), 317–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauer, R, Jägle, EA, Baumann, W & Mittemeijer, EJ (2011). Kinetics of the allotropic hcp–fcc phase transformation in cobalt. Philos Mag 91(3), 437–457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, E & Burke, M (1986a). Chromium depletion and martensite formation at grain boundaries in sensitised austenitic stainless steel. Acta Metall 34(3), 557–570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, EP & Burke, MG (1986b). Chromium depletion and martensite formation at grain boundaries in sensitised austenitic stainless steel. Acta Metall 34(3), 557–570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casey, JD, Phaneuf, MW, Chandler, C, Megorden, M, Noll, KE, Schuman, RJ, Krechmer, A, Monforte, D, Antonniou, N, Bassom, N, Li, J, Carleson, P & Huynh, CJ (2002). Copper device editing: Strategy for focused ion beam milling of copper. Vac Sci Technol B 20, 2682–2685.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowan, RL & Gordon, GM (1977). Intergranular SCC and grain boundary composition of Fe-Ni-Cr Alloys. In Stress Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement of Iron-Base Alloys, Staehle, RW, Hockman, J, McCright, RD & Slater, JE (Eds), pp. 1025–1030. Houston, TX: NACE.Google Scholar
Cuenat, A, Hessler-Wyser, A, Dobeli, M & Gotthardt, R (2001). Spontaneous crystalline multilayer formation in Ni implanted with Al at 100 K. Mat Res Soc Proc 647, 7.2.1–7.2.6.Google Scholar
Das, SK & Thomas, G (1970). On the morphology and substructure of martensite. Met Trans 1, 325–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giannuzzi, LA & Michael, JR (2013). Comparison of channeling contrast between ion and electron images. Microsc Microanal 19(2), 344–349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giannuzzi, LA & Stevie, FA (2004). Introduction to Focused ion Beams: Instrumentation, Theory, Techniques and Practice. New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Goldstein, JI & Michael, JR (2006). The formation of plessite in meteoritic metal. Meteorit Planet Sci 41(4), 553–570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guiraldenq, P & Duparc, OH (2017). The genesis of the schaeffler diagram in the history of stainless steel. Metall Res Technol 114(6), 613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gustiono, D, Sakaguchi, N, Shibayama, T, Kinoshita, H & Takahashi, H (2004). Plane and cross-sectional TEM observation to clarify the effect of damage region by ion implantation on induced phase transformation in austenitic 301 stainless steel. Mater Trans 45(1), 65–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayashi, N, Sakamoto, I, Johnson, E, Graabak, L, Børgesen, P & Scherzer, BMU (1988). Phase transformation in He+ and H+ ion irradiated type 304 stainless steel. Hyperfine Interact 42(1-4), 989–992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayashi, N, Sakamoto, I & Takahashi, T (1984). Phase transformation in helium ion irradiated 316 stainless steel. J Nucl Mater 128, 756–759.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayashi, N & Takahashi, T (1982). Irradiation-induced phase transformation in type 304 stainless steel. Appl Phys Lett 41(11), 1100–1101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, E, Littmark, U, Johansen, A & Christodoulides, C (1982). Martensite transformation in antimony implanted stainless steel. Philos Mag A 45(5), 803–821.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jonas, JJ, He, Y & Langelaan, G (2014). The rotation axes and angles involved in the formation of self-accommodating plates of Widmanstätten ferrite. Acta Mater 72, 13–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, HG, Day, AP & Cox, DC (2016). Electron backscatter diffraction studies of focused ion beam induced phase transformation in cobal. Mater Charact 120, 210–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knipling, KE, Rowenhorst, DJ, Fonda, RW & Spanos, G (2010). Effects of focused ion beam milling on austenite stability in ferrous alloys. Mater Charact 61(1), 1–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolman, DG, Bingert, JF & Field, RD (2004). The microstructural, mechanical, and fracture properties of austenitic stainless steel alloyed with gallium. Metall Mater Trans A 35(11), 3445–3454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kozlov, EV, Ryabchikov, AI, Sharkeev, YP, Stepanov, IB, Fortuna, SV, Sivin, DO, Kurzina, IA, Prokopova, TS & Mel'nik, IA (2002). Formation of intermetallic layers at high intensity ion implantation. Surf Coat Technol 158, 343–348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kundu, S & Bhadeshia, HKDH (2006). Transformation texture in deformed stainless steel. Scr Mater 55(9), 779–781.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurdjumov, G & Sachs, G (1930). Over the mechanism of steel hardening. Z Phys 64, 325–343.Google Scholar
Kurishita, H, Kobayashi, S, Nakai, K, Kuwabara, T & Hasegawa, M (2006). Intrinsic martensite formation in neutron irradiated V–1.6% Y alloys with fine-grained structure of highly pure matrix. J Nucl Mater 358(2–3), 217–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, J & Liu, P (2020). Austenite stability under focused Ion beam milling. In Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials 2020, Li, J, Zhang, M, Li, B, Monteiro, SN, Ikhmayies, S, Kalay, YE, Hwang, J-Y, Escobedo-Diaz, JP, Carpenter, JS & Brown, AD (Eds.), pp. 81–88. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lv, J & Luo, H (2014). Effects of strain and strain-induced α′-martensite on passive films in AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel. Mater Sci Eng C 34, 484–490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mangonon, PL & Thomas, G (1970). The martensite phases in 304 stainless steel. Metall Trans 1(6), 1577–1586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matteson, TL, Schwarz, SW, Houge, EC, Kempshall, BW & Giannuzzi, LA (2002). Electron backscattering diffraction investigation of focused ion beam surfaces. J Electron Mater 31(1), 33–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayer, J, Giannuzzi, LA, Kamino, T & Michael, JR (2007). TEM sample preparation and FIB-induced damage. MRS Bull 32(5), 400–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCaffrey, J, Phaneuf, M & Madsen, L (2001). Surface damage formation during ion-beam thinning of samples for transmission electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 87(3), 97–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Michael, JR (2011). Focused ion beam induced microstructural alterations: Texture development, grain growth, and intermetallic formation. Microsc Microanal 17(3), 386–397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miotello, A & Kelly, R (1997). Revisiting the thermal-spike concept in ion-surface interactions. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res B 122(3), 458–469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nastasi, M, Mayer, JW & Hirvonen, JK (1996). Ion-Solid Interactions: Fundamentals and Applications. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishiyama, Z (1934). X-ray investigation of the mechanism of the transformatio from face centered cubi lattice to body centered cubic. Sci Rep Tohoku Univ 23, 637–664.Google Scholar
Nolze, G (2004). Characterization of the fcc/bcc orientation relationship by EBSD using pole figures and variants. Z Metallkd 95(9), 744–755.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olliges, S, Gruber, P, Bardill, A, Ehrler, D, Carstanjen, HD & Spolenak, R (2006). Converting polycrystals into single crystals–selective grain growth by high-energy ion bombardment. Acta Mater 54(20), 5393–5399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, W, Wilson, E & Bell, T (Eds.) (1965). The Structure and Properties of Quenched Iron Alloys. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.Google Scholar
Parsons, P & Nutting, J (1969). Electron metallography of an austenitic steel containing aluminium and titanium. J Iron Steel Inst 207(2), 230–235.Google Scholar
Phaneuf, MW, Li, J & Casey, JD (2002). Gallium phase formation in Cu and other FCC metals during near normal incidence Ga-FIB milling and techniques to avoid this phenomenon. Microsc Microanal 8, 52–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porter, DL (1979). Ferrite formation in neutron-irradiated type 304L stainless steel. J Nucl Mater 79(2), 406–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Postawa, Z, Czerwinski, B, Winograd, N & Garrison, BJ (2005). Microscopic insights into the sputtering of thin organic films on Ag {111} induced by C60 and Ga bombardment. J Phys Chem B 109(24), 11973–11979.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rao, Z, Williams, JS, Pogany, AP & Sood, DK (1993). An investigation of phase formation by high dose silicon implantation into nickel. Nucl Instrum Method Phys Res B 80, 352–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rathbun, R, Matlock, D & Speer, J (2000). Strain aging behavior of austenitic stainless steels containing strain induced martensite. Scr Mater 42(9), 887–891.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodelas, JM, Maguire, MC & Michael, JR (2013). Martensite formation in the metallographic preparation of austenitic stainless steel welds. Microsc Microanal 19(S2), 1748–1749.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russo, MF, Maazouz, M, Giannuzzi, LA, Chandler, C, Utlaut, M & Garrison, BJ (2008). Gallium-induced milling of silicon: A computational investigation of focused ion beams. Microsc Microanal 14(4), 315–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sakamoto, I, Hayashi, N, Furubayashi, B & Tanoue, H (1988). Fe ion-induced phase transformation in 17/7 stainless steel. Hyperfine Interact 42(1–4), 1005–1008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sakamoto, I, Hayashi, N, Furubayashi, B & Tanoue, H (1990). Ion-induced phase transformation in type 304 austenitic stainless steel by rare-gas ion irradiation. J Appl Phys 68(9), 4508–4512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sakamoto, I, Hayashi, N, Furubayashi, B & Tanoue, H (1991). Effect of Xe-ion irradiation on austenitic stainless steel. J Nucl Mater 179, 1053–1056.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaeffler, AL (1949). Phase diagram for stainless steel weld metal. Metal Progress 65, 680.Google Scholar
Seo, EJ, Cho, L, Kim, JK, Mola, J, Zhao, L, Lee, S & De Cooman, BC (2020). Focused ion beam-induced displacive phase transformation from austenite to martensite during fabrication of quenched and partitioned steel micro-pillar. J Alloys Compd 812, 152061.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singhal, LK & Martin, JW (1968). The formation of ferrite and sigma-phase in some austenitic stainless steels. Acta Metall 16(12), 1441–1451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spolenak, R, Sauter, L & Eberl, C (2005). Reversible orientation-biased grain growth in thin metal films induced by a focused ion beam. Scr Mater 53(11), 1291–1296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, JT & Garr, KR (1975). Ferrite formation in neutron irradiated type 316 stainless steel. Metall Trans A 6(3), 531–535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stroud, PT (1972). Ion bombardment and implantation and their application to thin films. Thin Solid Films 11(1), 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teichert, J, Bischoff, L & Hausmann, S (1998). Ion beam synthesis of cobalt disilicide using focused ion beam implantation. J Vac Sci Technol B 16, 2574–2577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Was, GS (1996). Ion beam modification of metals: Compositional. Prog Surf Sci 32, 211–332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xie, G, Song, M, Mitsuishi, K & Furuya, K (2000). Orientation of γ to α transformation in Xe-implanted austenitic 304 stainless steel. J Nucl Mater 281(1), 80–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xie, G, Song, M, Mitsuishi, K & Furuya, K (2005). Transmission electron microscopy of martensitic transformation in Xe-implanted austenitic 304 stainless stee. J Mater Res 20(7), 1751–1757.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yao, N (Ed.) (2007). Focused ion Beam Systems: Basics and Applications. New York, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yu, LS, Harper, JM, Cuomo, JJ & Smith, DA (1986). Control of thin film orientation by glancing angle ion bombardment during growth. J Vac Sci Technol A 4(3), 443–447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, JC & Notis, MR (1995). Kinetics of the fcc to hcp phase transformation and the formation of martensite in pure cobalt. Scr Metall Mater 32(10), 1671–1676.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ziegler, JF, Ziegler, MD & Biersack, JP (2010). SRIM—The stopping and range of ions in matter. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res B 268(11–12), 1818–1823.CrossRefGoogle Scholar