Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T10:47:20.327Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Melamine–Formaldehyde Microcapsules: Micro- and Nanostructural Characterization with Electron Microscopy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 December 2016

Hamed Heidari ,
Guadalupe Rivero ,
Hosni Idrissi ,
Dhanya Ramachandran ,
Seda Cakir ,
Ricardo Egoavil ,
Mert Kurttepeli ,
Amandine C. Crabbé ,
Tom Hauffman  and
Herman Terryn
...Show all authors
Hamed Heidari*
Affiliation:
Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
Guadalupe Rivero
Affiliation:
Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA) J.B, Justo 4302, B7608FDQ Mar del Plata, Argentina
Hosni Idrissi
Affiliation:
Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Sainte Barbe 2, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Dhanya Ramachandran
Affiliation:
Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
Seda Cakir
Affiliation:
Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
Ricardo Egoavil
Affiliation:
Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
Mert Kurttepeli
Affiliation:
Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
Amandine C. Crabbé
Affiliation:
Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
Tom Hauffman
Affiliation:
Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
Herman Terryn
Affiliation:
Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
Filip Du Prez
Affiliation:
Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
Dominique Schryvers
Affiliation:
Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
*
*Corresponding author.hamed.heidari@uantwerpen.be
Get access

Abstract

A systematic study has been carried out to compare the surface morphology, shell thickness, mechanical properties, and binding behavior of melamine–formaldehyde microcapsules of 5–30 μm diameter size with various amounts of core content by using scanning and transmission electron microscopy including electron tomography, in situ nanomechanical tensile testing, and electron energy-loss spectroscopy. It is found that porosities are present on the outside surface of the capsule shell, but not on the inner surface of the shell. Nanomechanical tensile tests on the capsule shells reveal that Young’s modulus of the shell material is higher than that of bulk melamine–formaldehyde and that the shells exhibit a larger fracture strain compared with the bulk. Core-loss elemental analysis of microcapsules embedded in epoxy indicates that during the curing process, the microcapsule-matrix interface remains uniform and the epoxy matrix penetrates into the surface micro-porosities of the capsule shells.

Keywords

transmission electron microscopymelamine formaldehydein situ mechanical TEMelectron tomographyEELS
Type
Materials Applications
Information
Microscopy and Microanalysis , Volume 22 , Issue 6 , December 2016 , pp. 1222 - 1232
Copyright
© Microscopy Society of America 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

†

Authors contributed equally to the work.

References

Andrade, B., Song, Z., Li, J., Zimmerman, S.C., Cheng, J., Moore, J.S. … Katz, J.S. (2015). New Frontiers for Encapsulation in the Chemical Industry. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7(12), 6359–6368.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blaiszik, B.J., Caruso, M.M., McIlroy, D.A., Moore, J.S., White, S.R. & Sottos, N.R. (2009). Microcapsules filled with reactive solutions for self-healing materials. Polymer 50(4), 990–997.Google Scholar
Deleu, W.P.R., Rivero, G., Teixeira, R.F.A., Prez, F.E.Du & Vos, D.E.De. (2015). Metal—organic frameworks encapsulated in photocleavable capsules for UV-light triggered catalysis. Chem Mater 27(16), 5495–5502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Devarajan, P.V. & Jain, S. (2014). Targeted Drug Delivery : Concepts and Design. Springer, Cham Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London: Springer International Publishing. ISBN:9783319113555.Google Scholar
Harper, C.A. (2000). Modern Plastics Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN:9780070267145.Google Scholar
Hillewaere, X.K.D. & Du Prez, F.E. (2015). Fifteen chemistries for autonomous external self-healing polymers and composites. Progress in Polymer Science 49–50, 121–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillewaere, X.K.D., Teixeira, R.F.A., Nguyen, L.-T.T., Ramos, J.A., Rahier, H. & Du Prez, F.E. (2014). Autonomous self-healing of epoxy thermosets with thiol-isocyanate chemistry. Adv Funct Mater 24(35), 5575–5583.Google Scholar
Hu, J., Chen, H.-Q. & Zhang, Z. (2009). Mechanical properties of melamine formaldehyde microcapsules for self-healing materials. Mater Chem Phys 118(1), 63–70.Google Scholar
Idrissi, H., Bollinger, C., Boioli, F., Schryvers, D. & Cordier, P. (2016). Low-temperature plasticity of olivine revisited with in situ TEM nanomechanical testing. Sci Adv 2(3), doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Idrissi, H., Kobler, A., Amin-Ahmadi, B., Coulombier, M., Galceran, M., Raskin, J.-P. & Schryvers, D. (2014). Plasticity mechanisms in ultrafine grained freestanding aluminum thin films revealed by in-situ transmission electron microscopy nanomechanical testing. Appl Phys Lett 104(10), 101903.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jahromi, S., Litvinov, V. & Geladé, E. (1999). Physical gelation of melamine formaldehyde resin solutions. II. A combined light-scattering and low-resolution relaxation proton NMR study. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 37(23), 3307–3318.Google Scholar
Lampman, S. (2003). Characterization and Failure Analysis of Plastics. Ohio: A S M International. ISBN:9781615030736.Google Scholar
Long, Y., Song, K., York, D., Zhang, Z. & Preece, J.A. (2013). Engineering the mechanical and physical properties of organic-inorganic composite microcapsules. Colloids Surf A 433, 30–36.Google Scholar
Nelson, G. (2002). Application of microencapsulation in textiles. Int J Pharm 242(1–2), 55–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neubauer, M.P., Poehlmann, M. & Fery, A. (2014). Microcapsule mechanics: From stability to function. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 207(1), 65–80.Google Scholar
Pretzl, M., Neubauer, M., Tekaat, M., Kunert, C., Kuttner, C., Leon, G. & Fery, A. (2012). Formation and mechanical characterization of aminoplast core/shell microcapsules. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4, 2940–2948.Google Scholar
Shahidi, F. & Han, X.Q. (1993). Encapsulation of food ingredients. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 33(6), 501–547.Google Scholar
Su, J.F., Wang, X.Y. & Dong, H. (2012). Micromechanical properties of melamine-formaldehyde microcapsules by nanoindentation: Effect of size and shell thickness. Mater Lett 89, 1–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, G. & Zhang, Z. (2001). Mechanical properties of melamine-formaldehyde microcapsules. J Microencapsul 18(5), 593–602.Google Scholar
van Aarle, W., Palenstijn, W.J., De Beenhouwer, J., Altantzis, T. Bals, S. Batenburg, K.J., & Sijbers, J. (2015). The ASTRA Toolbox: A platform for advanced algorithm development in electron tomography. Ultramicroscopy 157, 35–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yow, H.N. & Routh, A.F. (2006). Formation of liquid core-polymer shell microcapsules. Soft Matter 2, 940–949.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yuan, Y.C., Rong, M.Z. & Zhang, M.Q. (2008). Preparation and characterization of microencapsulated polythiol. Polymer 49(10), 2531–2541.Google Scholar

Heidari supplementary material

Video

Download Heidari supplementary material(Video)
Video 1.5 MB