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Multiple Morphologies of Gold–Magnetite Heterostructure Nanoparticles are Effectively Functionalized with Protein for Cell Targeting

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 June 2013

Evan S. Krystofiak ,
Eric C. Mattson ,
Paul M. Voyles ,
Carol J. Hirschmugl ,
Ralph M. Albrecht ,
Marija Gajdardziska-Josifovska  and
Julie A. Oliver
Evan S. Krystofiak
Affiliation:
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201-0413, USA
Eric C. Mattson
Affiliation:
Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201-0413, USA
Paul M. Voyles
Affiliation:
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
Carol J. Hirschmugl
Affiliation:
Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201-0413, USA
Ralph M. Albrecht
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
Marija Gajdardziska-Josifovska
Affiliation:
Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201-0413, USA
Julie A. Oliver*
Affiliation:
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201-0413, USA Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: joliver@uwm.edu
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Abstract

Nanoparticles composed of a magnetic iron oxide core surrounded by a metal shell have utility in a broad range of biomedical applications. However, the presence of surface energy differences between the two components makes wetting of oxide with metal unfavorable, precluding a “core–shell” structure of an oxide core completely surrounded by a thin metal shell. Three-dimensional island growth followed by island coalescence into thick shells is favored over the two-dimensional layer-by-layer growth of a thin, continuous metal coating of a true core–shell. Aqueous synthesis of gold-coated magnetite nanoparticles with analysis by infrared, energy-dispersive X-ray, and electron energy loss spectroscopies; high-resolution transmission electron microscopy; selected area electron diffraction; and high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy showed two distinct morphologies that are inconsistent with an idealized core–shell. The majority were isolated ~16–22-nm-diameter nanoparticles consisting of ~7-nm-diameter magnetite and a thick deposition of gold, most often discontinuous, with some potentially “sandwiched” morphologies. A minority were aggregates of agglomerated magnetite decorated with gold but displaying significant bare magnetite. Both populations were successfully conjugated to fibrinogen and targeted to surface-activated platelets, demonstrating that iron oxide–gold nanoparticles produced by aqueous synthesis do not require an ideal core–shell structure for biological activity in cell labeling and targeting applications.

Keywords

analytical electron microscopycell targetingdiffractioninfrared spectroscopyplateletsfibrinogen
Type
Biological Applications
Information
Microscopy and Microanalysis , Volume 19 , Issue 4 , August 2013 , pp. 821 - 834
Copyright
Copyright © Microscopy Society of America 2013 

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Footnotes

†

These authors contributed equally to this work and thus share first authorship.

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