Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T12:47:30.809Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Neural Stem Cells in Neurospheres, Embryoid Bodies, and Central Nervous System of Human Embryos

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 July 2011

A. Henry Sathananthan
A. Henry Sathananthan
Affiliation:
Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories, Monash, Medical, Nursing and Health Sciences, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia
Get access

Abstract

The process of neurogenesis and formation of neural stem cells is reported in human neurospheres (NS) and embryoid bodies (EB) derived from human embryonic stem cells, in vitro, and compared with neural tissue formed in human ectopic embryos in week 4 (stage 9), developed in vivo. This morphological study was done using digital imaging by light microscopy and routine transmission electron microscopy. Both NS and EB form neural rosettes from the surface epithelium much like the process of neural tube formation from ectoderm in the embryo. The rosette is the developmental signature of neuroprogenitors in cultures of differentiating embryonic stem cells and is a radial arrangement of columnar cells that express many of the proteins expressed in neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube. The NS produce all of the major classes of progeny of the neural tube, some of which have been documented here. Specific neural markers expressed in the NS and the clinical implications of this study in cell therapy are also discussed.

Keywords

neural stem cellsrosettesneurospheresembryoid bodiesembryosTEM
Type
Research Article
Information
Microscopy and Microanalysis , Volume 17 , Issue 4 , August 2011 , pp. 520 - 527
Copyright
Copyright © Microscopy Society of America 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Ben-Hur, H.T., Idelson, M., Khaner, H., Pera, M., Reinhartz, E., Itzik, A. & Reubinoff, B.E. (2004). Transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitors improves behavioral deficit in Parkinsonian rats. Stem Cells 22, 1246–1255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conley, B.J., Young, J.C., Trounson, A.O. & Mollard, R. (2004). Derivation, propagation and differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36, 555–567.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dottori, M. & Pera, M.F. (2008). Neural differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Methods Mol Biol 438, 19–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hu, B.-Y. & Zhang, S.-C. (2007). Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into spinal neurons. In Human Embryonic Stem Cells: A Practical Handbook, Sullivan, S., Cowan, C. & Eggan, K. (Eds.), pp. 349–355. New York: Wiley Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koch, P., Opitz, T., Steinbeck, J.A., Ladewig, J. & Brustle, O. (2009). A rosette-type, self renewing human embryonic stem cell-derived neural stem cell with potential for in vitro instruction and synaptic integration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106, 3225–3230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larsen, W.J. (1993). Human Embryology. New York: Churchill Livingstone.Google Scholar
Niclis, J.C., Trounson, A.O., Dottori, M., Ellisdon, A.M., Bottomley, S.P., Verlinsky, Y. & Cram, D.S. (2009). Human embryonic stem cell models of Huntington disease. Reprod BioMed Online 19, 106–113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pankratz, M.T. & Zhang, S.C. (2006). Embryoid bodies and neuroepithelial development. In Human Stem Cell Manual, Loring, J.F., Wesselschmidt, R.L. & Schwartz, P.H. (Eds.), pp. 185–198. New York: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Peh, G.S.L. (2007). Characterization of neural progenitors derived from human embryonic stem cells. PhD Thesis. Melbourne, Australia: Monash University.Google Scholar
Peh, G.S.L., Hawes, S.M. & Pera, M.F. (2003). Characterization of neural precursors derived from human embryonic stem cells. First National Stem Cell Centre Scientific Conference, Melbourne, p. 224.Google Scholar
Pruzak, J. & Isacson, O. (2007). Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into dopaminergic neurons. In Human Embryonic Stem Cells: A Practical Handbook, Sullivan, S., Cowan, C. & Eggan, K. (Eds.), pp. 337–347. New York: Wiley Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sathananthan, A.H. (Ed). (2007a). DVD on human embryos, embryonic stem cells, embryoid bodies and neurospheres. 5th ISSCR Annual Meeting, Cairns, Australia. Deerfield, IL: International Society of Stem Cell Research.Google Scholar
Sathananthan, A.H. (2007b). The derivation of embryonic stem cells for therapy: New technologies. Reprod BioMed Online 14, 635–639.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sathananthan, A.H. & Nottola, S.A. (2007). Digital imaging of stem cells by electron microscopy. In Stem Cell Assays, Vermuri, M.C. (Ed.), pp. 21–41. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sathananthan, A.H. & Selvaraj, K. (2007). Human ectopic embryos: Clues to the origins of stem cells. World Congress on Fallopian Tubes, Calcutta, India.Google Scholar
Sathananthan, A.H. & Trounson, A. (2005). Human embryonic stem cells and their spontaneous differentiation. Ital J Anat Embryol 110, 151–157.Google ScholarPubMed
Sathananthan, A.H. & Trounson, A. (2007). In vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. In Human Embryonic Stem Cells: A Practical Handbook, Sullivan, S., Cowan, C. & Eggan, K. (Eds.), pp. 149–168. New York: Wiley Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sathananthan, H., Pera, M. & Trounson, A. (2002). The fine structure of human embryonic stem cells. Reprod Biomed Online 4, 56–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, P.H., Brick, D.J., Stover, A.E., Loring, J.F. & Muller, F.-J. (2008). Differentiation of neural lineage cells from pluripotent stem cells. Methods Stem Cell Res 45, 142–158.Google ScholarPubMed
Trounson, A. (2006). The production and directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Endocrine Rev 27, 208–219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, P.G. & Stice, S.S. (2006). Development and differentiation of neural rosettes derived from human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Rev 2, 67–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed