Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T08:42:23.623Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Prospective Effect of Cinnamon and Chia on Submandibular Salivary Glands After Ciprofloxacin Administration in Albino Rats (Histological, Histochemical, and Ultrastructural Study)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2022

Nehad M. Abd-elmonsif Open the ORCID record for Nehad M. Abd-elmonsif [Opens in a new window] ,
Medhat A. El-Zainy ,
Amany A. Rabea  and
Iman A. Fathy Mohamed Open the ORCID record for Iman A. Fathy Mohamed [Opens in a new window]
Nehad M. Abd-elmonsif*
Affiliation:
Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
Medhat A. El-Zainy
Affiliation:
Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Amany A. Rabea
Affiliation:
Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
Iman A. Fathy Mohamed
Affiliation:
Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
*
*Corresponding author: Iman A. Fathy Mohamed, E-mail: iman.fathy@dent.asu.edu.eg
Get access

Abstract

Ciprofloxacin (CPFX®) is potent fluoroquinolone but has severe side effects. Cinnamon (CIN) and chia seeds are potent antioxidants. The current work aimed to compare the effect of CIN extract and chia seeds on CPFX®-treated submandibular salivary glands (SMGs). Thirty-two male albino rats were divided into four groups: Group 1: received saline. Group 2: received CPFX®. Group 3: received CIN extract after 4 h of CPFX® administration. Group 4: received ground chia seeds after 4 h of CPFX® administration. After 10 days, histological, histochemical, and ultrastructural examinations were done. Different examinations illustrated normal features of SMG in Groups 1 and 3. Group 2 showed degenerative signs. Group 4 showed normal features in some areas. Statistical results illustrated that Group 2 had highest mean vacuolation area%. Highest mean of PAS optical density (OD) was for Group 2. Concerning mercuric bromophenol blue stain OD; Group 1 showed highest mean OD. CPFX® has the deteriorative effect on SMG structure and ultrastructure. It leads to increased levels of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and decreased levels of total proteins. CIN extract showed more ameliorative effect compared to chia seeds.

Keywords

chia seedscinnamonciprofloxacinsubmandibular salivary glandultrastructure
Type
Biological Applications
Information
Microscopy and Microanalysis , Volume 28 , Issue 5 , October 2022 , pp. 1749 - 1766
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Microscopy Society of America

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdollahi, M & Isazadeh, Z (2001). Inhibition of rat parotid and submandibular gland functions by ofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 15, 307–311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abdollahi, M, Minaiee, B & Yaaghoubi, AA (2003). Structural and functional changes by ciprofloxacin of rat submandibular gland. Hum Exp Toxicol 22, 177–181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abo El-yazed, AA, El-sayed, SK, El-Bakary, RH & El-Bakary, NA (2018). Histological and immunohistochemical study of the effect of alendronate on the submandibular salivary gland of adult male albino rat and the possible protective effect of propolis. Med J Cairo Univ 86(6), 3119–3132.Google Scholar
Ahmad, SM (2007). Histological and immunohistochemical study of the submandibular salivary gland in experimentally induced diabetes mellitus in adult male albino rats. MSc Thesis, Zagazig University.Google Scholar
Alberts, B, Johnson, A, Lewis, JD, Raff, M, Roberts, K & Walter, P (2002). Molecular Biology of The Cell, 4th ed. New York: Taylor & Francis Inc., Garland Science. p. 1463.Google Scholar
Al-Refai, AS, Khaleel, AK & Ali, S (2014). The effect of green tea extract on submandibular salivary gland of methotrexate treated albino rats: Immunohistochemical study. J Cytol Histol 5, 1–6.Google Scholar
Amano, O, Mizobe, K, Bando, Y & Sakiyama, K (2012). Anatomy and histology of rodent and human major salivary glands: Overview of the Japan salivary gland society-sponsored workshop. Acta Histochem Cytochem 45, 241–250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amato, M, Caruso, MC, Guzzo, F, Galgano, F, Commisso, M, Bochicchio, R, Labella, R & Favati, F (2015). Nutritional quality of seeds and leaf metabolites of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) from southern Italy. Eur Food Res Technol 241, 615–625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anding, AL & Baehrecke, EH (2017). Cleaning house: Selective autophagy of organelles. Dev Cell 41(1), 10–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aneja, K, Joshi, R & Sharma, C (2009). Antimicrobial activity of Dalchini (Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark) extracts on some dental caries pathogens. J Pharm Res 2, 1387–1390.Google Scholar
Anquetin, G, Greiner, J, Mahmoud, N, Santillana, HM, Gozalbes, R & Farhati, K (2006). Design, synthesis and activity against Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium spp., and Mycobacterium tuberculosis of new 6-fluoroquinolones. Eur J Med Chem 41, 1478–1493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arends, F & Lieleg, O (2016). Biophysical Properties of the Basal Lamina: A Highly Selective Extracellular Matrixin; Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body. Croatia: In Tech, pp. 203–205.Google Scholar
Ayerza, R (2009). The seed's protein and oil content, fatty acid composition, and growing cycle length of a single genotype of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) as affected by environmental factors. J Oleo Sci 58, 347–354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Azab, KS, Mostafa, AA, Ali, EMM & Abdel-Aziz, MAS (2011). Cinnamon extract ameliorates ionizing radiation-induced cellular injury in rats. J Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 74(8), 2324–2329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chalasani, N, Fontana, RJ, Bonkovsky, HL, Watkins, PB, Davern, T, Serrano, J, Yang, H & Rochon, J (2008). Causes, clinical features, and outcomes from a prospective study of drug-induced liver injury in the United States. Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN). Gastroenterology 135(6), 1924–1934.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, X, Yao, H & Xiang, Y (2019). Effect of Angelica polysaccharide on brain senescence of nestin-GFP mice induced by D-galactose. Neurochem Int 122, 149–156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chiego, DJ & Daniel, J (2013). Essentials of Oral Histology and Embryology: A Clinical Approach, 4th ed. USA: St. Louis Mosby, pp. 184–195.Google Scholar
David, ES, William, KP, David, MH, Gordon, HO & Craig, H (2011). Life, The Science of Biology, 9th ed. USA: W.H. Freeman, pp. 50–53.Google Scholar
Deberg, M, Labasse, A, Christgau, S, Cloos, P, Henriksen, BD & Chapelle, JP (2005). New serum biochemical markers (Coll 2–1 and Coll 2–1 NO2) for studying oxidative-related type II collagen network degradation in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthr Cartil 13, 258–265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
El-Gusbi, GA, Shredah, MT & Soliman, AE (2014). Submandibular glands as an evident of the effects of antioxidant on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. World J Med Sci 11(2), 210–216.Google Scholar
El Imam, HF & Abd El Salam, NN (2019). Histological and ultra-structural study of the effect of monosodium glutamate on the submandibular salivary gland of adult albino rats. Egypt Dent J 65, 319–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El-Nozahy, AA & Ismail, MI (2013). The response of rat submandibular salivary gland to plant protein diet: Biological and histochemical study. Int J Health Sci 7(3), 309–315.Google ScholarPubMed
El Sadik, A & El Zainy, ME (2018). Postnatal changes in the development of rat submandibular glands in offspring of diabetic mothers: Biochemical, histological and ultrastructural study. PLoS One 13(10), 1–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elsaied, HA (2019). Histological and immunohistochemical study of selenium regenerative effect on submandibular and sublingual glands of aging rats. Egypt Dent J 65, 3413–3426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elsayed, MG, Elkomy, A & Shimaa, FE (2013). Effect of ciprofloxacin on isolated smooth and cardiac muscles and neuromuscular junctions. Benha Vet Med J 25(1), 115–123.Google Scholar
Fasugba, O, Gardner, A, Mitchell, BG & Mnatzaganian, G (2015). Ciprofloxacin resistance in community- and hospital-acquired Escherichia coli urinary tract infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMC Infect Dis 25(15), 1–16.Google Scholar
Fernandez, I, Vidueiros, SM, Ayerza, R, Coates, W & Pallaro, A (2008). Impact of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) on the immune system: Preliminary study. Proc Nutr Soc 67, 12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gowder, SJ & Devaraj, H (2006). Effect of the food flavor cinnamaldehyde on the antioxidant status of rat kidney. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 99(5), 379–382.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gurbay, A & Hincal, F (2004). Ciprofloxacin induced glutathione redox status alterations in rat tissues. Drug Chem Toxicol 27, 233–242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halawa, AM (2010). Effect of ciprofloxacin on the articular cartilage and epiphyseal growth plate cartilage in the growing albino rats and the possible protective role of vitamin E (α –tocopherol): A histological and morphometric study. Egypt J Histol 33(3), 1–16.Google Scholar
Halawa, AM, Mohamed, DG & Obeid, RF (2016). Capsaicin induced histological and ultrastructural changes in the submandibular salivary gland of albino rats. Futur Dent J 2, 22–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamza, SA, Aly, HM, Soliman, SO & Abdallah, DM (2016). Ultrastructural study of the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on rat parotid salivary glands and the protective role of quercetin. Alex Dent J 41, 232–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hassan, EH, Amin, LE, Mourad, MI & Elsabaa, HM (2016). Biological impact of cinnamon extract vs. diazepam on submandibular salivary glands of stressed albino rats. Int J Adv Res 4(10), 1917–1928.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herold, C, Ocker, M, Ganslmayer, M, Gerauer, H, Hahn, EG & Schuppan, D (2002). Ciprofloxacin induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation of human colorectal carcinoma cells. Br J Cancer 86, 443–448.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ibrahim, SH, Soliman, ME & Yehia, NM (2004). Effect of ciprofloxacin on the submandibular salivary gland of adult male albino rat: A light and electron microscopic study. Egypt J Histol 27(2), 339–354.Google Scholar
Inumaru, J, Nagano, O, Takahashi, E, Ishimoto, T, Nakamura, S, Suzuki, Y, Niwa, S, Umezawa, K, Tanihara, H & Saya, H (2009). Molecular mechanisms regulating dissociation of cell-cell junction of epithelial cells by oxidative stress. Genes Cells 14(6), 703–716.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jung, H, Kim, I & Jung, S (2021). Oxidative stability of chia seed oil and flax seed oil and impact of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and garlic (Allium cepa L.) extracts on the prevention of lipid oxidation. Appl Biol Chem 64, 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalaivani, B & Vanithakumari, G (2016). The role of antioxidant vitamins in ciprofloxacin induced oxidative stress in pancreas. Int J Eng Res Generic sci 4(3), 2091–2730.Google Scholar
Kiernan, JA (2008). Histological & Histochemical Methods, 4th ed. Sydney: Scion Pub. Ltd., pp. 79–129.Google Scholar
Knauf, H, Lübcke, R, Röttger, P, Baumann, K & Richet, G (1983). Relation of dark cells to the transport of H+/HCO3- and K+ ions: A microperfusion study in the rat submaxillary duct. Kidney Int 23(2), 350–357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kouadri, A, El Khatib, M, Cormenier, J, Chauvet, S, Zeinyeh, W, El Khoury, M, Macari, L, Richaud, P, Coraux, C, Michaud-Soret, I, Alfaidy, N & Benharouga, M (2019). Involvement of the prion protein in the protection of the human bronchial epithelial barrier against oxidative stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 31(1), 59–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kwon, HK, Hwang, JS, So, JS, Lee, CG, Sahoo, A, Ryu, JH, Jeon, WK, Ko, BS, Im, CR, Lee, SH, Park, ZY & Im, SH (2010). Cinnamon extract induces tumor cell death through inhibition of NFkappab and AP1. BMC Cancer 10(392), 1–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, AS (2009). Osefeitos da Salvia hispanica L (Salba) naglicemiae apetite subjetivo. MSc Thesis, University of Toronto.Google Scholar
Li, Q, Zhang, Q, Wang, M, Zhao, S, Xu, G & Li, J (2008). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids prevent disruption of epithelial barrier function induced by proinflammatory cytokines. Mol Immunol 45(5), 1356–1365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, CC, Wu, SJ, Chang, CH & Ng, LT (2003). Antioxidant activity of Cinnamomum cassia. Phytother Res 17(7), 726–730.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mahmoud, EF & Mahmoud, MF (2017). Effect of pomegranate peel extract on submandibular salivary glands of streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats: Histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. J Adv Biol Biotechnol 13(3), 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marineli, RDS, Lenquiste, SA, Moraes, ÉA & Maróstica, MR (2015). Antioxidant potential of dietary chia seed and oil (Salvia hispanica L.) in diet-induced obese rats. Food Res Int 76, 666–674.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martínez-Cruz, O & Paredes-López, O (2014). Phytochemical profile and nutraceutical potential of chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1346, 43–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miclaus, V, Oana, L, Ober, C, Rus, V & Pestean, C (2009). Observations concerning features of submandibular gland secretion in rats. Lucrari Stiinlifice Medicina Veterinara 9, 382–386.Google Scholar
Minibayeva, F, Kolesnikov, O, Chasov, A, Beckett, RP, Lüthje, S, Vylegzhanina, N, Buck, F & Böttger, M (2009). Wound induced apoplastic peroxidase activities: Their roles in the production and detoxification of reactive oxygen species. Plant Cell Environ J 32(5), 497–508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohamed, SS, El-Sakhawy, MA, Sheriff, H & Shredah, M (2015). Effect of aspartame on submandibular salivary glands of adult male albino rats. Life Sci J 12(3), 44–50.Google Scholar
Morgan, A, El-Ballal, S & El-Bialy, B (2014). Studies on the potential protective effect of cinnamon against bisphenol A- and octylphenol-induced oxidative stress in male albino rats. Toxicol Rep 1, 92–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moselhy, S & Ali, H (2009). Hepatoprotective effect of cinnamon extracts against carbon tetrachloride induced oxidative stress and liver injury in rats. Biol Res 42, 93–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mostafa, AHA, Azab, KS, Ali, EMM & Abdel-Aziz, MAS (2011). Cinnamon extract ameliorates ionizing radiation-induced cellular injury in rats. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 74(8), 2324–2329.Google Scholar
Municio, MA & Miras-Portugal, MT (2012). Cell Signal Transduction, Second Messengers, and Protein Phosphorylation in Health and Disease. Spain: Springer Science & Business Media, pp. 139–153.Google Scholar
Nabavi, S, Lorenzo, A, Izadi, M, Sobarzo-Sánchez, E & Maria, D (2015). Antibacterial effects of cinnamon: From farm to food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Nutrients 7(9), 7729–7748.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noguueira, FN, Carvalho, AM, Yamaguti, PM & Nicolau, J (2005). Antioxidant parameters and peroxidation in salivary glands of STZ induced diabetic rats. Streptozin-induced diabetic rats. Clin Chim Acta 353, 133–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ott, LW, Resing, KA, Sizemore, AW, Heyen, JW, Cocklin, RR, Pedrick, NM, Woods, HC, Chen, JY, Goebl, MG, Witzmann, FA & Harrington, MA (2007). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha- and interleukin-1-induced cellular responses: Coupling proteomic and genomic information. J Proteome Res 6(6), 2176–2185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patterson, AM & Watson, AJM (2017). Deciphering the complex signaling systems that regulate intestinal epithelial cell death processes and shedding. Front Immunol 8, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pommier, Y, Leo, E, Zhang, H & Marchand, C (2010). DNA topoisomerases and their poisoning by anticancer and antibacterial drugs. Chem Biol 17(5), 421–433.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Punj, A (2018). Secretions of human salivary gland. In Salivary Glands - New Approaches in Diagnostics and Treatment. London: IntechOpen, pp. 1–12.Google Scholar
Rafah, A, Alham, DH & Tahani, A (2006). Effect of natural apple cider vinegar on morphometric changes of salivary glands in hydroxyl urea treated mice. J Edu Sci 18, 62–77.Google Scholar
Ramanlal, R & Gupta, V (2021). Physiology, Vasodilation. USA: StatPearls Pub., pp. 1–8.Google Scholar
Ranasinghe, P, Pigera, S, Premakumara, GA, Galappaththy, P, Constantine, GR & Katulanda, P (2013). Medicinal properties of “true” cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum): A systematic review. BMC Complement Altern Med 13, 1–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rao, PV & Gan, SH (2014). Cinnamon: A multifaceted medicinal plant. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2014, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rao, RK (2008). Oxidative stress-induced disruption of epithelial and endothelial tight junctions. Front Biosci 13, 7210–7226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reyes-Caudillo, E, Tecante, A & Valdivia-López, MA (2008). Dietary fibre content and antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds present in Mexican chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds. Food Chem 107(2), 656–663.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rincón-Cervera, MÁ, Valenzuela, R, Hernandez-Rodas, MC, Barrera, C, Espinosa, A, Marambio, M & Valenzuela, A (2016). Vegetable oils rich in alpha linolenic acid increment hepatic n-3 LCPUFA, modulating the fatty acid metabolism and antioxidant response in rats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 111, 25–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shahidi, F & Zhong, Y (2010). Novel antioxidants in food quality preservation and health promotion. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 112, 930–940.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, P, Jha, AB, Dubey, R & Pessarakli, M (2012). Reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage, and antioxidative defense mechanism in plants under stressful conditions. J Bot 2012, 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, PC, Jain, A, Jain, S, Pahwa, R & Yar, MS (2010). Ciprofloxacin: Review on developments in synthetic, analytical, and medicinal aspects. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 25(4), 577–589.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shedge, SA, Roy, P, Shedge, A & Doshi, MA (2020). Periodic acid schiff (PAS) staining: A useful technique for demonstration of carbohydrates. Med Legal Update 20(2), 353–357.Google Scholar
Shubin, AV, Demidyuk, VI, Komissarov, AA, Rafieva, LM & Kostrov, VS (2016). Cytoplasmic vacuolization in cell death and survival. Oncotarget 7(34), 55863–55889.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singh, AD & Singh, O (2016). Ultrastructural changes in the sublingual salivary gland of prenatal buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Vet World 9(3), 326–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, M, Stark, PC, Palmer, CA, Gilbard, JP & Papas, AS (2010). Effect of omega-3 and vitamin E supplementation on dry mouth in patients with Sjögren's syndrome. Spec Care Dentist 30(6), 225–229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singh, M & Tonk, RS (2015). Management of salivary hypofunction. Pharm Anal Acta 6, 1–2.Google Scholar
Sreebny, LM & Vissink, A (2010). Dry Mouth, The Malevolent Symptom: A Clinical Guide Book, 1st ed. Singapore: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 3–10.Google Scholar
Su, L, Yin, JJ, Charles, D, Zhou, K, Moore, J & Yu, L (2007). Total phenolic contents, chelating capacities, and radical-scavenging properties of black peppercorn, nutmeg, rosehip, cinnamon and oregano leaf. Food Chem 100, 990–997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sulli, MM & Ezzo, DC (2007). Drug interactions with vitamins and minerals. US Pharm 1, 42–55.Google Scholar
Sun, K, Lei, Y, Wang, R, Wu, Z & Wu, G (2017). Cinnamicaldehyde regulates the expression of tight junction proteins and amino acid transporters in intestinal porcine epithelial cells. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 8, 1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suzuki, S, Nishida, T, Matsuzaki, T, Nishinakagawa, H & Otsuka, J (1990). Fine structure of the mandibular gland in crest-tailed marsupial-rat (Dasyuroides byrnei). Jikken Dobutsu 39(1), 55–63.Google Scholar
Tahmouzi, S (2014). Optimization of polysaccharides from Zagros oak leaf using RSM: Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Carbohydr Polym 106, 238–246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Treuting, PM & Dintzis, SM (2011). Comparative Anatomy and Histology: A Mouse and Human Atlas (Expert Consult), 1st ed. USA: Academic Press, pp. 111–112.Google Scholar
Ullah, R, Nadeem, M, Khalique, A, Imran, M, Mehmood, S, Javid, A & Hussain, J (2016). Nutritional and therapeutic perspectives of chia (Salvia hispanica L.). J Food Sci Technol 53(4), 1750–1758.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veilleux, M & Grenier, D (2019). Determination of the effects of cinnamon bark fractions on Candida albicans and oral epithelial cells. BMC Complement Altern Med 19, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vered, M, Buchner, A, Boldon, P & Dayan, D (2000). Age related histomorphometric changes in labial salivary glands with special references to acinar components. Exp Gerodontol 35, 1075–1084.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vuksan, V, Whitman, D, Sievenpiper, J, Jenkins, A, Rogovik, A, Bazinet, R, Vidgen, E & Hanna, A (2007). Supplementation of conventional therapy with the novel grain Salba (Salvia hispanica L.) improves major and emerging cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 30(11), 2804–2810.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Willemsen, LE, Koetsier, MA, Balvers, M, Beermann, C, Stahl, B & van Tol, EA (2008). Polyunsaturated fatty acids support epithelial barrier integrity and reduce IL-4 mediated permeability in vitro. Eur J Nutr 47(4), 183–191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xiao, K, Liu, C, Qin, Q, Zhang, Y, Wang, X, Zhang, J & Liu, Y (2020). EPA and DHA attenuate deoxynivalenol-induced intestinal porcine epithelial cell injury and protect barrier function integrity by inhibiting necroptosis signaling pathway. FASEB J 34, 2483–2496.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zafar, S, Coates, DE, Cullinan, MP, Drummond, BK, Milne, T & Seymour, GJ (2014). Zoledronic acid and geranylgeraniol regulate cellular behaviour and angiogenic gene expression in human gingival fibroblasts. J Oral Pathol Med 43, 711–721.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zimmerman, HJ (2000). Drug-induced liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 4(1), 73–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zirin, J, Nieuwenhuis, J & Perrimon, N (2013). Role of autophagy in glycogen breakdown and its relevance to chloroquine myopathy. PLoS Biol 11(11), 1–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed