Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T12:17:47.144Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

TEM Observations of the Microstructural Changes in the Interfacial Zone of Explosively Welded Titanium/Steel Before and After Ex Situ and In Situ Heat Treatment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 March 2022

Marcin Szmul Open the ORCID record for Marcin Szmul [Opens in a new window] ,
Katarzyna Stan-Glowinska ,
Jerzy Morgiel ,
Marta Janusz-Skuza Open the ORCID record for Marta Janusz-Skuza [Opens in a new window] ,
Agnieszka Bigos ,
Andrzej Chudzio ,
Zygmunt Szulc  and
Joanna Wojewoda-Budka Open the ORCID record for Joanna Wojewoda-Budka [Opens in a new window]
Marcin Szmul*
Affiliation:
Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta St., 30-059 Cracow, Poland FAMET S.A., 15a Szkolna St., 47-225 Kedzierzyn-Kozle, Poland
Katarzyna Stan-Glowinska
Affiliation:
Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta St., 30-059 Cracow, Poland
Jerzy Morgiel
Affiliation:
Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta St., 30-059 Cracow, Poland
Marta Janusz-Skuza
Affiliation:
Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta St., 30-059 Cracow, Poland
Agnieszka Bigos
Affiliation:
Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta St., 30-059 Cracow, Poland
Andrzej Chudzio
Affiliation:
FAMET S.A., 15a Szkolna St., 47-225 Kedzierzyn-Kozle, Poland
Zygmunt Szulc
Affiliation:
High Energy Technologies Works “Explomet”, 100H Oswiecimska St., 45-641 Opole, Poland
Joanna Wojewoda-Budka
Affiliation:
Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta St., 30-059 Cracow, Poland
*
*Corresponding author: Marcin Szmul, E-mail: m.szmul@imim.pl
Get access

Abstract

This paper presents the comparison of the microstructure of the interface zone formed between titanium (Ti Gr. 1) and steel (P265GH+N) in various processing stages—directly after explosive welding versus the annealing state. Transmission electron microscopy technique served as an excellent tool for studies of the sharp interface in-between the waves. Directly after the welding process in this area, a thin layer of the metastable β-Ti (Fe) solid solution was observed. In the next step, two variants of annealing have been employed: ex situ and in situ in TEM, which revealed the complete information on the interface zone transformation. The results have shown that during the annealing at 600°C for 1.5 h, the diffusion of carbon towards titanium caused the formation of titanium carbides with a layered arrangement. Compared to our previous studies, the carbides found here have a hexagonal structure. Furthermore, changes in the dislocation structure were observed, indicating the occurrence of recovery processes. Possible reasons for differences observed in the microstructure of the interface formed due to ex situ and in situ annealing are also discussed. The microstructure observations are accompanied by the microhardness measurements, which showed that the annealing caused a significant reduction in the microhardness values.

Keywords

diffusionexplosive weldingmicrostructureTEM in situ heatingtitanium
Type
The XVIIth International Conference on Electron Microscopy (EM2020)
Information
Microscopy and Microanalysis , Volume 28 , Issue 3 , June 2022 , pp. 907 - 914
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Microscopy Society of America

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Chiba, A, Nishida, M & Morizono, Y (2004). Microstructure of bonding interface in explosively-welded clads and bonding mechanism. Mater Sci Forum 465-466, 465–474. ISSN: 1662-9752CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chien, F-R, Clifton, RJ & Nutt, SR (1995). Stress-induced phase transformation in single crystal titanium carbide. J Am Ceram Soc 78(6), 1537–1545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chu, Q, Tong, X, Xu, S, Zhang, M, Li, J, Yan, F & Yan, C (2019). Interfacial investigation of explosion-welded titanium/steel bimetallic plates. J Mater Eng Perform 29, 78–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chu, Q, Zhang, M, Li, J & Yan, C (2017). Experimental and numerical investigation of microstructure and mechanical behavior of titanium/steel interfaces prepared by explosive welding. Mater Sci Eng A 689, 323–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, RF (1987). Nonstoichiometry and its effect on mass transport, order-disorder phenomena and deformation behavior in transition-metal carbides. Adv Ceram 23, 530–557.Google Scholar
Gloc, M, Wachowski, M, Plocinski, T & Kurzydlowski, KJ (2016). Microstructural and microanalysis investigations of bond titanium Grade1/low alloy steel st52-3N obtained by explosive welding. J Alloys Compd 671, 446–451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guoyin, Z, Xi, S & Jinghua, Z (2017). Interfacial bonding mechanism and mechanical performance of Ti/steel bimetallic clad sheet produced by explosive welding and annealing. Rare Metal Mater Eng 46(4), 906–911.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haitao, J, Xiaoqian, Y, Jixiong, L, Xiaoge, D & Shangwu, Z (2014). Influence of asymmetric rolling parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of titanium explosive clad plate. Rare Metal Mater Eng 43(11), 2631–2636.Google Scholar
Jiang, H, Yan, X, Liu, J & Duan, X (2014). Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical property of Ti−steel explosive-rolling clad plate. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 24, 697–704.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazurenko, DV, Bataev, IA, Mali, VI, Lozhkina, EA, Esikov, MA & Bataev, VA (2018). Structural transformations occurring upon explosive welding of alloy steel and high-strength titanium. Phys Met Metallogr 119(5), 469–476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morizono, Y, Nishida, M & Chiba, A (1997). Diffusion barrier effect of carbide layer on bonding characteristics of Ti/steel clad. Mat Res Soc Symp Proc 458, 363–368.Google Scholar
Murray, JL (1987). Phase Diagrams of Binary Titanium Alloys. Materials Park, OH: ASM International.Google Scholar
Ning, J, Zhang, L, Xie, M, Yang, H, Yin, X & Zhang, J (2017). Microstructure and property inhomogeneity investigations of bonded Zr/Ti/steel trimetallic sheet fabricated by explosive welding. J Alloys Compd 698, 835–851.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ostroushko, D, Mazancova, E, Saksl, K & Milkovic, O (2014). Phase analysis of explosive welded Ti-Cr/Ni steel in as-received state and after heat treatment using synchrotron. Arch Metall Mater 59, 1611–1614.Google Scholar
Paul, H, Morgiel, J, Baudin, T, Brisset, F, Prazmowski, M & Miszczyk, M (2014). Characterization of explosive weld joints by TEM and SEM/EBSD. Arch Metall Mater 59, 1129–1136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prasanthi, TN, Sudha, C & Saroja, S (2016). Effect of alloying elements on interdiffusion phenomena in explosive clads of 304LSS/ti–5Ta–2Nb alloy. J Mater Sci 51, 5290–5304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prazmowski, M, Najwer, M, Paul, H & Andrzejewski, D (2017). Influence of explosive welding parameters on properties of bimetal Ti-carbon steel. MATEC Web of Conferences 94, 2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Song, J, Kostka, A, Veehmayer, M & Raabe, D (2011). Hierarchical microstructure of explosive joints: Example of titanium to steel cladding. Mater Sci Eng A 528, 2641–2647.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sudha, C, Prasanthi, TN, Thomas Paul, V, Saroja, S & Vijayalakshmi, M (2012). Metastable phase transformation in Ti-5Ta-2Nb alloy and 304L austenitic stainless steel under explosive cladding conditions. Metall Mater Trans A 43a, 3596–3607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szmul, M, Stan-Glowinska, K, Janusz-Skuza, M, Bigos, A, Chudzio, A, Szulc, Z & Wojewoda-Budka, J (2021). The interface zone of explosively welded titanium/steel after short-term heat treatment. Metall Mater Trans A 52, 1588–1595.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van den Broek, JJ & Dirks, AG (1987). Metastable phases and thermodynamic equilibrium. Philips Tech Rev 43, 304–313.Google Scholar
Wachowski, M, Gloc, M, Slezak, T, Plocinski, T & Kurzydlowski, KJ (2017). The effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and properties of explosively welded titanium-steel plates. J Mater Eng Perform 26, 945–954.Google Scholar
Yang, D-h, Luo, Z-a, Xie, G-m & Misra, RDK (2018). Effect of interfacial compounds on mechanical properties of titanium–steel vacuum roll-cladding plates. Mater Sci Technol 34, 1700–1709.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, Y, Wang, B & Xiong, J (2006). Amorphous and nanograins in the bonding zone of explosive cladding. J. Mater Sci 41, 3501–3505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar