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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 March 2018
Rapid freezing of biological samples for subsequent processing and examination in the TEM has been around since the 1960's. Freezing in general, is advantageous because it can provide an instantaneous cessation of all biological activity and hall ultrastructural rearrangement The freezing ‘fixes” biological structures in water ice until such time that the ice can be substituted for a chemical fixative. Freezing is typically conducted at liquid nitrogen temperatures (-196°C), and freeze substitution (FS) is then carried out over days to weeks on dry ice (-80°C) (Severs el. al., 1995).