Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T12:37:13.081Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Jawaharlal Nehru and the Hindu Code: A Victory of Symbol over Substance?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 November 2008

Reba Som
Affiliation:
Nehru Memorial Museum Library

Extract

If to Gandhi goes the credit of having drawn out Indian women from their cloistered protected environment to join the national movement for freedom, to Jawaharlal Nehru surely goes the credit for having recognized the need formally to grant equality between the sexes and to enshrine it in the Fundamental Rights drawn up at the Karachi Congress of 1931.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Geraldine Forbes, ‘The Politics of Respectability: Indian Women and the Indian National Congress’, in Low, D. A. (ed.), The Indian National Congress, Centenary Hindsights (OUP, Delhi, 1988).Google Scholar

2 Gandhi, M. K., The Role of Woman, edited by Hingorani, (1964).Google Scholar

4 Nehru, J., Discovery of India (1982), p. 41.Google Scholar

6 Speech during debate on the Third Reading of the Hindu Marriage Bill, 5 May 1955. LSD 1955, vol. IV, pt II.Google Scholar

7 SWJN, vol. 3, p. 363;Google ScholarSpeech at Mahila Vidyapith, Allahabad, 31 March 1928.Google Scholar

8 SWJN, vol. 6, p. 218. Address to Prayag Mahila Vidyapith, 24 Jan. 1934.Google Scholar

9 SWJN, vol. 11, pp. 316–18.Google Scholar

10 SWJN, vol. 7, P. 557.Google Scholar

11 SWJN, vol 2, p. 441.Google Scholar

12 SWJN, vol. 7, PP. 313–14.Google Scholar

13 ‘It was plain that Pandit Jawaharlal wanted it and that Mahatma Gandhi wanted to give Pandit Jawaharlal what he wanted’. Amrita Bazar Patrika, 3 April 1931.Google Scholar

14 SWJN, vol. 7, p. 236.Google Scholar

15 Sitaramayya, Pattabhi, CAD 1948, vol. V.Google Scholar

16 SWJN, vol. III, p. 191.Google Scholar

17 Derrett, J. D. M., Hindu Law Past & Present (Calcutta, 1957), p. 57.Google Scholar

18 Chattopadhyay, Kamladevi, Indian Women's Battle for Freedom (1983).Google Scholar

19 9 04 1948, CAD 1948, vol. V.Google Scholar

20 Keer, Dhananjay, Dr Ambedkar, Life and Mission (1962), p. 423.Google Scholar

21 5 04 1949, CAD 1949, vol. III.Google Scholar

22 LAD 1946, p. 3407.Google Scholar

23 Prasad to Nehru 24 July 1948;Google ScholarNehru to Prasad, 27 July 1948 in Sardar Patel's Correspondence: 1945–50, vol. VI edited by Das, Durga (1973) (hereafter, SPC, vol. VI).Google Scholar

24 CAD 1949, vol. III.Google Scholar

25 LSD 1955, vol. IV, pt II.Google Scholar

26 CAD 1948, vol. V.Google Scholar

27 Chatterjee, N. C., 26 April 1955, LSD 1955 vol. IV, pt. II.Google Scholar

28 Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha Papers file C-57, NMML.Google Scholar

29 LSD 1955, vol. IV, pt II.Google Scholar

30 Ahmad, NaziruddinCAD 1948, vol. V.Google Scholar

31 Note of Rajendra Prasad, 31 July 1948, SPC, vol. VI.Google Scholar

32 Mitter, D. N., ex-Judge Calcutta High Court, Member of Rau Committee, later became critic of Code.Google Scholar

33 Note of Rajendra Prasad 31 July 1948, SPC, vol. VI.Google Scholar

34 CAD 1949, pt II.Google Scholar

35 Notes of Rajendra Prasad, 31 July 1948 SPC, vol. VI.Google Scholar

36 Note from Rajendra Prasad to J. Nehru, 15 Sept. 1951 Indian Constitutional Documents, vol. I, edited by Munshi, K. M. (1967) (hereafter, ICD, vol. I).Google Scholar

37 CAD 1949, pt II.Google Scholar

38 Note from Rajendra Prasad to Nehru, J., 15 Sept. 1951, ICD, vol. I.Google Scholar

39 CAD 1948, vol. V.Google Scholar

41 Mohan, Ananga Dam LAD 1944, vol. III.Google Scholar

43 Ahmad, Naziruddin, CAD 1949, vol. III.Google Scholar

45 Note from Rajendra Prasad to J. Nehru, 15 Sept. 1951, ICD, vol. I.Google Scholar

46 CAD 1949, vol. II.Google Scholar

47 Gole; LAD 1947, vol. I.Google Scholar

48 LSD 1955, vol. IV, pt II.Google Scholar

49 Kripalani, Sucheta, LSD 1955, vol. IV, pt II.Google Scholar

50 Acharya Kripalani, ibid.

51 N. C. Chatterjee, ibid.

52 Pandit K. C. Sharma, ibid.

53 CAD 1949, pt II.Google Scholar

56 Ahmad, N.CAD 1949, pt III.Google Scholar

57 Note from Rajendra Prasad to J. Nehru, 15 Sept. 1951, ICD, vol. I.Google Scholar

58 CAD 1948, vol. V.Google Scholar

59 Note from Rajendra Prasad to J. Nehru, 15 Sept. 1951, ICD, vol. I.Google Scholar

60 Kripalani, Acharya, LSD 1955, vol. IV, pt II.Google Scholar

62 Rajendra Prasad to J. Nehru, 24 July 1948, SPC, vol. VI.Google Scholar

63 LSD 1955, vol. IV, pt II.Google Scholar

64 Petition of Jankibai Joshi, President, A. I. Hindu Women's Conference to Lord Wavell, Governor-General of India, 20 03 1944, Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha Papers File C-67, NMML.Google Scholar

65 Jankibai Joshi to R. Prasad, 4 02. 1955 Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha Papers, File C-183, NMML.Google Scholar

66 Chatterjee, N. C., LSD 1955, vol. IV, pt II.Google Scholar

67 LSD 1955, vol. IV, pt II.Google Scholar

68 CAD 1951, vol. XV, pt II, p. 2716.Google Scholar

69 CAD 1949, vol. VI, pt II.Google Scholar

70 Rajendra Prasad to J. Nehru, 24 July 1948, SPC, vol. VI.Google Scholar

71 Note from Rajendra Prasad to J. Nehru, 15 Sept. 1951, ibid.

72 Jawaharlal Nehru to Vallabhbhai Patel, 21 Feb. 1950 in Dr Rajendra Prasad: Correspondence and Select Documents, vol. 12, edited by Chowdhury, Valmiki (1989).Google Scholar

73 CAD 1949, vol. VII, pt II, p. 784.Google Scholar

74 LSD 1955, vol. IV, pt II.Google Scholar

75 J. Nehru to R. Prasad, 15 Sept. 1951, ICD, vol. I.Google Scholar

76 LSD 1955, vol. IV, pt II.Google Scholar

77 20 May 1955, Nehru, Jawaharlal: Letters to Chief Ministers 1947–64, vol. IV (1988).Google Scholar

78 17 Sept. 1951, Nehru, Jawaharlal: Letters to Chief Ministers 1947–64, vol. II (1986).Google Scholar

79 SWJN, vol. 3, Speech at Mahila Vidyapith, Allahabad, 31 March 1928.Google Scholar

80 Jawaharlal Nehru's Speeches 1953–57 (1958), p. 451.Google Scholar

81 5 May 1955, LSD 1955, vol. IV, pt II.Google Scholar

84 Hutheesingh, Krishna, We Nehrus (1967), p. 99.Google Scholar

85 The demonstration of over 500 people outside the Parliament House on 12 December 1949, burning Gandhi caps and effigies and chanting ‘Down with the Hindu Code Bill’ and ‘Down with the Nehru Government’ was for Nehru, a ‘revealing’ experience;Google Scholar15 December 1949, Nehru, Jawaharlal, Letters to Chief Ministers 1947–64, vol. 1 (1985).Google Scholar

86 5 May 1955, LSD, 1955, vol. IV, pt II.Google Scholar

87 J. Nehru to R. Prasad, 15 Sept. 1951, ICD, vol. I.Google Scholar

88 Selected Speeches of B. R. Ambedkar, vol. I, compiled by Das, Bhagwan (1963).Google Scholar

90 Keer, , Dr Ambedkar: Life and Mission, p. 431.Google Scholar

91 Selected Speeches of B. R. Ambedkar, vol. I.Google Scholar

93 Rajendra Prasad to J. Nehru, 18 Sept. 1951, ICD, vol. I.Google Scholar

94 President's Note on the Hindu Code Bill in Dr Rajendra Prasad: Correspondence and Select Documents, vol. 12.Google Scholar

95 R. Prasad to K. N. Katju, 21 Aug. 1948, in Dr Rajendra Prasad: Correspondence and Select Documents, vol. 10, edited by Chowdhury, Valmiki (1988).Google Scholar

96 He pointed out, for instance, the derogatory references to women in Manusmriti; he ridiculed the authority of Purushashukta in determining the caste system as ‘the fantastic dream of a troubled mind’; he dismissed Krishna's illicit intimacy with Radha. B. R. Ambedkar, Writings and Speeches, vol. 3 (1987), compiled by Vasant Moon.

97 Barve, S. G., ‘Dr B. R. Ambedkar’ in Thoughts on Dr Ambedkar, compiled by Nim, Hoti Lal (1969).Google Scholar

98 CAD 1951, vol XV.Google Scholar

99 CAD 1948, vol. V.Google Scholar

100 Sheen, Vincent, ‘Dr Ambedkar’ in Thoughts on Dr Ambedkar.Google Scholar

101 DrPande's, C. D. observations, CAD 1951, vol. XV.Google Scholar

102 He wrote to J. Nehru that he attached the ‘greatest importance to this measure and would be prepared to undergo any strain on my health to get the Bill through.’ 10 Aug. 1951, CAD 1951, vol. XVI, pt II.Google Scholar

103 Deogirikar, , Twelve Years in Parliament, pp. 100–1.Google Scholar

104 Bhargava, Pandit Thakur Das, LAD vol. I, pt II.Google Scholar

105 CAD 1950, vol. VII.Google Scholar

106 LSD 1955, vol. IV, pt II.Google Scholar

107 Nehru, J. to Ambedkar, 20 March 1949, SWJN Second Series vol. 10.Google Scholar

108 Nehru, J. to Ambedkar, 26 Feb. 1949, SWJN Second Series vol. 10.Google Scholar

109 CAD 1950, vol. VII.Google Scholar

110 LSD 1956, vol. X.Google Scholar

111 Keer, , Dr Ambedkar: Life and Mission, p. 426.Google Scholar

112 Ibid.

113 Nehru, Jawaharlal, Letters to Chief Ministers 1947–64, vol. II (1986), 4 10. 1951.Google Scholar

114 Nehru to Ambedkar, 10 Aug. 1951, CAD 1951, vol. XVI, pt II.Google Scholar

115 Nehru to Ambedkar, 27 Sept. 1951, CAD 1951, vol. XVI, pt II.Google Scholar

116 Ray, Renuka, My Reminiscences: Social Development during Gandhian Era and After (1982), p. 149.Google Scholar

117 LSD 1954, vol. V, pt II, pp. 6973–6.Google Scholar

118 LSD 1954, vol. V, pt II, pp. 7253–4.Google Scholar

119 Aubrey Menen's account of his interview with Nehru in Beny, Raloff, India (London, 1969), p. 189.Google Scholar

120 Nehru, Jawaharlal, Letters to Chief Ministers 1947–64, vol. IV (1988), 10 05 1956.Google Scholar

121 Towards Equality: Report of the Committee on the Status of Women in India (Ministry of Education 1975), p. 114.Google Scholar

122 SWJN vol.3, p. 399.Google Scholar

123 Hindustan Times, 16 May 1956.Google Scholar

124 Sarkar, Lotika, Empowering Women, in Seminar, Nov. 1989.Google Scholar

125 Pataskar, LSD 1956, vol. IV, pt II, p. 7567.Google Scholar

126 Sarkar, Lotika, Empowering Women, in Seminar, Nov. 1989.Google Scholar

127 Nehru, Jawaharlal: Letters to Chief Ministers 1947–64, vol. II (1986), 4 10. 1951.Google Scholar

128 Jawaharlal Nehru's Speeches 1953–57 (1958), p. 444.Google Scholar

129 Nehru, Jawaharlal: Letters to Chief Ministers 1947–64, vol. IV, (1988), 15 06 1956.Google Scholar

130 Kishwar, Madhu, ‘Hindu Code Bill—Myth & Reality’, unpublished paper presented at Oxford University 1990.Google Scholar

131 The Hindustan Times, 16 May 1956. (Emphasis mine)Google Scholar

132 Nehru, Jawaharlal: Letters to Chief Ministers 1947–64, vol. II (1986), 4 10 1951.Google Scholar

133 Nehru, Jawaharlal: Letters to Chief Ministers 1947–64, vo. IV (1988), 10 05 1956.Google Scholar

134 SWJN, vol. II, pp. 317–18.Google Scholar

135 Mehta, Ashok, ‘Planning without Progress’, in Rafiq Zakaria, A Study of Nehru (1988).Google Scholar

136 29 April 1955, LSD 1955, vol. IV, pt II.Google Scholar

137 Kaur, Amrit, ‘A Friend without Friends’, in Zakaria, A Study of Nehru.Google Scholar