Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T17:21:00.496Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Focused-Ion Beam and Electron Microscopy Analysis of Corrosion of Lead-Tin Alloys: Applications to Conservation of Organ Pipes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 February 2011

Catherine Oertel ,
Shefford P. Baker ,
Annika Niklasson ,
Lars-Gunnar Johansson  and
Jan-Erik Svensson
Catherine Oertel
Affiliation:
catherine.oertel@oberlin.edu, Oberlin College, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 119 Woodland St., Oberlin, OH, 44074, United States
Shefford P. Baker
Affiliation:
spb14@cornell.edu, Cornell University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
Annika Niklasson
Affiliation:
annikan@chalmers.se, Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, SE-412 96 Göteborg, N/A, Sweden
Lars-Gunnar Johansson
Affiliation:
lg@chalmers.se, Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, SE-412 96 Göteborg, N/A, Sweden
Jan-Erik Svensson
Affiliation:
jes@chalmers.se, Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, SE-412 96 Göteborg, N/A, Sweden
Get access

Abstract

Across Europe, lead-tin alloy organ pipes are suffering from atmospheric corrosion. This deterioration can eventually lead to cracks and holes, preventing the pipes from producing sound. Organ pipes are found in compositions ranging from >99% Pb to >99% Sn. For very lead-rich (>99% Pb) pipes, organic acids emitted from the wood of organ cases have previously been identified as significant corrosive agents. In order to study the role of alloy composition in the susceptibility of pipes to organic acid attack, lead-tin alloys containing 1.2-15 at.% Sn were exposed to acetic acid vapors in laboratory exposure studies. Corrosion rates were monitored gravimetrically, and corrosion product phases were identified using grazing incidence angle X-ray diffraction. In a new method, focused-ion beam (FIB) cross-sections were cut through corrosion sites, and SEM and WDX were used to obtain detailed information about the morphology and chemical composition of the corrosion layers. The combination of FIB and SEM has made it possible to obtain depth information about these micron-scale layers, providing insight into the influence of acetic acid on alloys in the 1.2-15 at.% Sn range.

Keywords

corrosionscanning electron microscopy (SEM)art
Type
Research Article
Information
MRS Online Proceedings Library (OPL) , Volume 1047: Symposium Y – Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology VIII , 2007 , 1047-Y05-01
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Owen, B., Williams, P., and Bicknell, S. in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd ed., edited by Sadie, Stanley (Grove, New York, 2001), Vol. 18, pp. 565–650.Google Scholar
2. Niklasson, A., Johansson, L.-G., and Svensson, J.-E., J. Electrochem. Soc. 152(12), B519–B525 (2005).Google Scholar
3. Niklasson, A., Johansson, L.-G., and Svensson, J.-E., J. Electrochem. Soc. 154(11), C618–C625 (2007).Google Scholar
4. Niklasson, A., Ph.D. Dissertation, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden, 2007.Google Scholar
5. Chiavari, C., Martini, C., Prandstraller, D., Niklasson, A., Svensson, J.-E., Åslund, A., and Bergsten, C.J, Corros. Sci., accepted for publication.Google Scholar
6. Niklasson, A., Langer, S., Arrhenius, K., Rosell, L., Bergsten, C.J, Johansson, L.-G., and Svensson, J.-E., Studies in Conservation, accepted for publication.Google Scholar
7. Chiavari, C., Martini, C., Poli, G., and Prandstraller, D., J. Mater. Sci. 41, 1819–1826 (2006).Google Scholar
8. Tompkins, H.G, Surf. Sci. 32, 269–277 (1972).Google Scholar
9. Tompkins, H.G, Solid State Ionics 120(5), 651–654 (1973).Google Scholar
10. Brusic, V., DiMilia, D.D, and MacInnes, R., Corrosion 57(7), 509–518 (1991).Google Scholar
11. Gale, W.F and Totemeier, T.C, editors, Smithells Metals Reference Book, 8th ed. (Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Burlington, MA, 2004) p. 457.Google Scholar
12. Green, L. in Conservation of Metals: Problems in the Treatment of Metal-Organic and Metal-Inorganic Composite Objects, Proceedings of the Seventh International Restorer Seminar, Veszprém, Hungary, 1989, edited by Jàrò, Màrta, (Istvàn Èri, Veszprem, Hungary, 1990) pp. 121–130.Google Scholar
13. Bird, R.J, Met. Sci. J. 7, 109–113 (1973).Google Scholar
14. Frankenthal, R.P and Siconolfi, D.J, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 17(6), 1315–1319 (1980).Google Scholar
15. Frankenthal, R.P and Siconolfi, D.J, Corros. Sci. 21(7), 479–486 (1981).Google Scholar
16. Taube, M., Davenport, A.J, King, A.H, and Chase, W.T in Aqueous Chemistry and Geochemistry of Oxides, Oxyhydroxides, and Related Materials, edited by Voigt, J.A, Wood, T.E, Bunker, B.C, Casey, W.H, and Crossey, L.J, (Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 432, Pittsburgh, PA, 1997) pp. 283–288.Google Scholar