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How do the satellite glia cells of the dorsal root ganglia respond to stressed neurons? – nitric oxide saga from embryonic development to axonal injury in adulthood

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 February 2010

Matthew J.G. Bradman ,
Daleep K. Arora ,
Richard Morris  and
Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
Matthew J.G. Bradman
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Health and Welfare, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
Daleep K. Arora
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Health and Welfare, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
Richard Morris
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Health and Welfare, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Health and Welfare, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
*
Correspondence should be addressed to: Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy, Department of Animal Health and Welfare, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZJ, UK phone: 00 44 151 794 4242 fax: 0044 151 794 4243 email: tswamy@liv.ac.uk
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Abstract

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) respond to peripheral nerve injury by up-regulating nitric oxide (NO) production by neurons and glia in addition to local fibroblasts, endothelium and macrophages. We hypothesise that NO produced from these cells has specific roles. We have shown that when neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) is blocked in axotomised DRG, neurons undergo degenerative changes (Thippeswamy et al., 2001, 2007a). Further, we demonstrated that increased neuronal NO production, in response to axotomy/growth factor-deprivation in vitro, signals glial cells to produce trophic factors to support neuronal survival (Thippeswamy et al., 2005a). Recently, we found that treating satellite glia–neuron co-cultures with nNOS inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole (7NI), decreases the number of nestin+ cells that show neuron-like morphology. Cultured/axotomised DRG also upregulate inducible NOS (iNOS) in non-neuronal cells. Therefore, it is plausible that degenerative changes following nNOS inhibition are also due to iNOS-mediated excessive NO production by non-neuronal cells, which indeed is cytotoxic. NG-nitro-l-arginine methylester (L-NAME), the pan NOS inhibitor did not significantly change nNOS+ neuron number in axotomised DRG compared to 7NI suggesting that iNOS-mediated NO contributes to the degenerative process. In this paper, these findings from our and others' past work on NO-mediated neuron–glia signalling in axotomised DRG are discussed.

Keywords

Neuroprotectionneuron–glia communicationaxotomyneurotrophic factorDRG
Type
Research Article
Information
Neuron Glia Biology , Volume 6 , Special Issue 1: Satellite Glial Cells , February 2010 , pp. 11 - 17
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010

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