Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T15:17:02.308Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Contribution of Weaning Foods to Protein–Energy Malnutrition

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2007

Ann F. Walker
Ann F. Walker
Affiliation:
Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 2AP
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Research Article
Information
Nutrition Research Reviews , Volume 3 , Issue 1 , January 1990 , pp. 25 - 47
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1990

References

REFERENCES

Abrahamsson, L., Velarde, N. & Hambraeus, L. (1978). The nutritional value of home-prepared and industrially produced weaning foods. Journal of Human Nutrition 32, 279–284.Google ScholarPubMed
Akinyele, I. O. & Omotola, B. D. (1986). Energy and protein intake of infants and children from the low income group of Ibadan. Nutrition Research 6, 129–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anon, . (1986). Breast-fed infants grow more slowly than infants fed formula and solids. Nutrition Reviews 44, 168–169.Google Scholar
Anyanwu, R. C. & Enwonwu, C. O. (1985). Impact of urbanization and socioeconomic status on infant feeding practices in Lagos, Nigeria. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 7 (1), 33–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Axelsson, I., Borulf, S., Abildskov, K., Heird, W. & Räihä, N. C. R. (1988 a). Protein and energy intake during weaning. III. Effects on plasma amino acids. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 77, 42–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Axelsson, I., Borulf, S. & Räihä, N. C. R. (1987 a). Protein intake during weaning. II. Metabolic responses. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 76, 457–462.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Axelsson, I., Borulf, S., Righard, L. & Räihä, N. C. R. (1987 b). Protein and energy intake during weaning. I. Effects on growth. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 76, 321–327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Axelsson, I. E., Jakobsson, I. & Räihä, N. C. R. (1988 b). Formula with reduced protein content: effects on growth and protein metabolism during weaning. Pediatric Research 24, 297–301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barrell, R. A. E. & Rowland, M. G. M. (1979). The relationship between rainfall and well water pollution in a West African (Gambian) village. Journal of Hygiene 83, 143–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, R. E., Brown, K. H., Becker, S., Alim, A. R. & Merson, M. H. (1981). Contamination of weaning foods and transmission of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhoea in children in rural Bangladesh. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 76, 259–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, R. E., de Romana, G. L., Brown, K. H., Bravo, N., Bazalar, O. G. & Kanashiro, H. C. (1989). Incidence and etiology of infantile diarrhea and major routes of transmission in Huascar, Peru. American Journal of Epidemiology 129, 785–799.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brandtzaeg, B., Malleshi, N. G., Svanberg, U., Desikachar, H. S. B. & Mellander, O. (1981). Dietary bulk as a limiting factor for nutrient intake with special reference to the feeding of pre-school children. III. Studies of malted flour from ragi, sorghum and green gram. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 27, 184–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buffa, A. (1969). Enzyme treated weaning food mixtures. Assignment Children 9, 107–127.Google Scholar
Cameron, M. & Hofvander, Y. (1983). Manual on Feeding Infants and Young Children. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Chesters, J. K. & Arthur, J. R. (1988). Early biochemical defects caused by dietary trace element deficiencies. Nutrition Research Reviews 1, 39–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conway, H. F., Lancaster, E. B. & Bookwalter, G. N. (1968). How extrusion cooking varies product properties. Food Engineering 40 (11), 102–104.Google Scholar
Corring, T., Aumaitre, A. & Durand, G. (1978). Development of digestive enzymes in the piglet from birth to 8 weeks. I. Pancreas and pancreatic enzymes. Nutrition and Metabolism 22, 231–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corring, T., Lebas, F. & Courtot, D. (1972). [Factors influencing changes in pancreatic enzyme secretion in the rabbit from birth to 6 weeks.] Annales de Biologie Animale, Biochimie, Biophysique 12, 221–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dada, L. O. & Muller, H. G. (1983). The fate of aflatoxin B1 in the production of ogi, a Nigerian fermented sorghum porridge. Journal of Cereal Science 1, 63–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dagnelie, P. C., van Staveren, W. A., Vergote, F. J. V. R. A., Burema, J., van't Hoft, M. A., van Klaveren, J. D. & Hautvast, J. G. A. J. (1989). Nutritional status of infants aged 4 to 18 months on macrobiotic diets and matched omnivorous control infants: a population based mixed-longitudinal study. II. Growth and psychomotor development. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 43, 325–338.Google ScholarPubMed
Dearden, C., Harman, P. & Morley, D. (1980). Eating more fats and oils as a step towards overcoming malnutrition. Tropical Doctor 10, 137–142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Del Valle, F. R., Villanueva, H., Reyes-Govea, J., Escobedo, M., Bourges, H., Ponce, J. & Munoz, M. J. (1981). Development, evaluation and industrial production of a powdered soy-oats infant formula using a low-cost extruder. Journal of Food Science 46, 192–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Department of Health and Social Security (1988). Present Day Practice in Infant Feeding: Third Report. London: H. M. Stationery Office (Report on Health and Social Subjects no. 32).Google Scholar
Desikachar, H. S. R. (1980). Development of weaning foods with high caloric density and low hot-paste viscosity using traditional technologies. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 2 (4), 21–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dettwyler, K. A. (1986). Infant feeding in Mali, West Africa: variations in belief and practice. Social Science and Medicine 23, 651–664.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dettwyler, K. A. (1987). Breastfeeding and weaning in Mali: cultural context and hard data. Social Science and Medicine 24, 633–644.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dimond, H. J. & Ashworth, A. (1987). Infant feeding practices in Kenya, Mexico and Malaysia. The rarity of the exclusively breast-fed infant. Human Nutrition: Applied Nutrition 41A, 51–64.Google Scholar
Elegbe, I. A. & Ojofeitimi, E. O. (1984). Early initiation of weaning food and proliferation of bacteria in Nigerian infants. Clinical Pediatrics 23, 261–264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fashakin, J. B. & Ogunsola, F. (1982). The utilization of local foods in the formulation of weaning foods. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 28, 93–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (1973). Energy and Protein Requirements. Rome: FAO. (FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series no. 52).Google Scholar
Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University (1985). Energy and Protein Requirements. Geneva: WHO. (WHO Technical Report Series no. 724).Google Scholar
Golden, M. H. N. & Ramdath, D. (1986). Free radicals in the pathogenesis of kwashiorkor. In Proceedings of the XIII International Congress of Nutrition – 1985. [Taylor, T. G. and Jenkins, N. K., editors]. London: John Libbey.Google Scholar
Gopalan, G. (1968). Kwashiorkor and marasmus: evolution and distinguishing features. In Calorie Deficiencies and Protein Deficiencies, pp. 49–58 [McCance, R. A. and Widdowson, E. M., editors]. London: Churchill Livingstone.Google Scholar
Gopaldas, T., Mehta, P., Patil, A. & Gandhi, H. (1987). Studies on reduction in viscosity of thick rice gruels with small quantities of an amylase-rich cereal malt. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 8 (4), 42–47.Google Scholar
Hambidge, K. M. (1986). Zinc deficiency in the weanling – how important? Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica Suppl. 323, 52–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hansen, L. P. & You, G. (1982). A biological evaluation of high-protein rice flour for infants and young children. Nutrition Reports International 26, 1087–1094.Google Scholar
Hellstrom, A., Hermansson, A., Karlsson, A., Ljungqvist, B., Mellander, O. & Svanberg, U. (1981). Dietary bulk as a limiting factor for nutrient intake – with special reference to the feeding of pre-school children. II. Consistency as related to dietary bulk – a model study. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 27, 127–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoyle, B., Yunus, M. & Chen, L. C. (1980). Breast-feeding and food intake among children with acute diarrheal disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 33, 2365–2371.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hudson, G. J., John, P. M. V. & Paul, A. A. (1980). Variation in the composition of Gambian foods: the importance of water in relation to energy and protein content. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 10, 9–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jansen, G. R. & Harper, J. M. (1980 a). Application of low-cost extrusion cooking to weaning foods in feeding programmes. Part 1. Food and Nutrition 6 (1), 2–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Jansen, G. R. & Harper, J. M. (1980 b). Application of low-cost extrusion cooking to weaning foods in feeding programmes. Part 2. Food and Nutrition 6 (2), 15–23.Google ScholarPubMed
Jansen, G. R., O'Deen, L., Tribelhorn, R. E. & Harper, J. M. (1981). The calorie densities of gruels made from extruded corn-soy blends. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 3 (1), 39–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, V. M. (1987). Current infant weaning practices within the Bangladeshi community in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. Human Nutrition: Applied Nutrition 41, 349–352.Google ScholarPubMed
Kare, M. R. & Beauchamp, G. K. (1985). The role of taste in the infant diet. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 41, 418–422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lebenthal, E. (1985). Impact of digestion and absorption in the weaning period on infant feeding practices. Pediatrics 75, 207–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ljungqvist, B. G., Mellander, O. & Svanberg, U. S.-O. (1981). Dietary bulk as a limiting factor for nutrient intake in pre-school children. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 27, 68–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCrae, J. E. & Paul, A. A. (1979). Food of Rural Gambia. Cambridge: MRC Dunn Nutrition Unit.Google Scholar
Mensah, P. P. A., Tomkins, A. M., Drasar, B. S. & Harrison, T. J. (1988). Effect of fermentation of Ghanaian maize dough on the survival and proliferation of 4 strains of Shigella flexneri. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 82, 635–636.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milla, P. J. (1986). The weanling's gut. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica Suppl. 323, 5–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mlingi, N. L. V. (1988). Reducing dietary bulk in cassava-based weaning foods by fermentation. In Proceedings of a Workshop on Improving Child Feeding in Eastern and Southern Africa. Household-level Food Technology, Nairobi, Kenya, 1987.Google Scholar
Morcos, S. R., Said, A. K., Gabrial, G. N. & Hady, N. A. E. (1983). Supplementary and weaning foods for the Egyptian child. Nahrung 27, 295–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mosha, A. C. & Svanberg, U. (1983). Preparation of weaning food with high nutrient density using flour of germinated cereals. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 5 (2), 10–14.Google Scholar
Mosha, A. C., Svanberg, U., Lieden, S. A., Ljungqvist, B. & Haq, A. (1983). Effects of germination on the food and nutritional value of sorghum. In Research in Food Science and Nutrition vol. 1, The Production, Preservation and Processing of Food. pp. 18–19 [McLoughlin, J. V. and McKenna, B. M., editors]. Dublin: Boole Press. Proceedings of the VIth International Congress of Food Science and Technology.Google Scholar
Nattress, L. A., Mehta, T., Mitchell, M. E. & Finney, P. L. (1987). Formulation and nutritive value of weaning food from germinated food grains. Nutrition Research 7, 1309–1320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ngindu, A., Johnson, B. K., Kenya, P. R., Ngira, J. A., Ocheng, D. M., Nandwa, H., Omondi, T. N., JansenA. J., A. J.,, Ngare, W., Kaviti, J. N., Gatei, D. & Siongok, R. A. (1982). Outbreak of acute hepatitis caused by aflatoxin poisoning in Kenya. Lancet i, 1346–1348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nout, M. J. R., Hautvast, J. G. A. J., van der Haar, F., Marks, W. E. W. & Rombouts, F. M. (1988). Formulation and microbiological safety of cereal-based weaning foods. In Proceedings of a Workshop on Improving Child Feeding in Eastern and Southern Africa. Household-level Food Technology, Nairobi, Kenya, 1987.Google Scholar
Nutrition Standing Committee of the British Paediatric Association (1988). Vegetarian weaning. Archives of Disease in Childhood 63, 1286–1292.Google Scholar
Pavitt, F. (1987). Energy density and consistency of traditional African weaning foods. PhD Thesis, University of Reading.Google Scholar
Persson, L. A., Johansson, E. & Samuelson, G. (1984). Dietary intake of weaned infants in a Swedish community. Human Nutrition: Applied Nutrition 38A, 247–254.Google Scholar
Pigott, J. & Kolasa, K. (1983). Infant feeding practices and beliefs in one community in the Sierra of rural Ecuador: a prevalence study. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion 33, 126–138.Google ScholarPubMed
Prasannappa, G. & Jagannath, K. S. (1985). A nutritious food supplement for feeding programme. Nutrition Reports International 31, 191–197.Google Scholar
Ramdath, D. D. & Golden, M. H. N. (1989). Non-haematological aspects of iron nutrition. Nutrition Research Reviews 2, 29–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rowland, M. G. M. (1986). The weanling's dilemma: are we making progress? Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica Suppl. 323, 33–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rowland, M. G. M., Barrell, R. A. E. & Whitehead, R. G. (1978). Bacterial contamination in traditional Gambian weanings foods. Lancet i, 136–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowland, M. G. M., Cole, T. J. & Whitehead, R. G. (1977). A quantitative study into the role of infection in determining nutritional status in Gambian village children. British Journal of Nutrition 37, 441–450.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam (1987). Weaning Food – A New Approach to Small-scale Weaning Food Production from Indigenous Raw Materials in Tropical Countries, 2nd ed. Amsterdam. RTI, Rural Development Programme, Nutrition and Agrotechnology Section.Google Scholar
Rutishauser, I. H. E. & Frood, J. D. L. (1973). The effect of a traditional low-fat diet on energy and protein intake, serum albumin concentration and body-weight in Ugandan preschool children. British Journal of Nutrition 29, 261–268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tomkins, A. & Hussey, G. (1989). Vitamin A, immunity and infection. Nutrition Research Reviews 2, 17–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Underwood, B. A. (1985). Weaning practices in deprived environments—the weaning dilemma. Pediatrics 75, 194–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
United Nations (1987). First Report on the World Nutrition Situation. Report of the Administrative Committee on Coordination—Subcommittee on Nutrition (ACC/SCN). Rome: FAO.Google Scholar
Vaidehi, M. P. & Gowda, A. R. (1981). Protein quality of extrusion cooked cereal based weaning foods in Wistar strain albino rats. Nutrition Reports International 23, 363–370.Google Scholar
Van Steenbergen, W. M., Kusin, J. A., Voorhoeve, A. M. & Jansen, A. A. J. (1978). Machakos Project studies: Agents affecting health of mother and child in a rural area of Kenya. IX. Food intake, feeding habits and nutritional state of the Akamba infant and toddler. Tropical and Geographical Medicine 30, 505–522.Google Scholar
Vargas, E., Blanco, A., Lastreto, C. & Roman, A. V. (1985). [Biological evaluation of an infant food based on soya, rice and bananas.] Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrition 35, 90–104.Google Scholar
Victora, C. G., Smith, P. G., Vaughan, J. P., Nobre, L. C., Lombardi, C., Teixeira, A. M. B., FuchsS. M. C., S. M. C.,, Moreira, L. B., Gigante, L. P. & Barros, F. C. (1987). Evidence for protection by breast-feeding against infant deaths from infectious diseases in Brazil. Lancet ii, 319–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Victora, C. G., Vaughan, J. P., Martines, J. C. & Barcelos, L. B. (1984). Is prolonged breast-feeding associated with malnutrition? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 39, 307–314.Google ScholarPubMed
Walker, A. F. & Pavitt, F. (1989). Energy density of Third World weaning foods. BNF (British Nutrition Foundation) Nutrition Bulletin 14, 88–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waterlow, J. C. & Payne, P. R. (1975). The protein gap. Nature 258, 113–117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waterlow, J. C. & Thomson, A. M. (1979). Observations on the adequacy of breast-feeding. Lancet ii, 238–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webb, G. P. (1989). The significance of protein in human nutrition. Journal of Biological Education 23, 119–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whichelow, M. J. (1982). Factors associated with the duration of breast feeding in a privileged society. Early Human Development 7, 273–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitehead, R. G. (1985 a). The human weaning process. Pediatrics 75, Suppl., 189–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitehead, R. G. (1985 b). Infant physiology, nutritional requirements, and lactational adequacy. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 41, 447–458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitehead, R. G. (1989). Food safety in the United Kingdom—lessons from the Third World. In How Safe is Our Food? pp. 9–26. [Ashwell, M., editor]. London: British Nutrition Foundation. (BNF (British Nutrition Foundation Nutrition) Bulletin 14, Suppl. 1.).Google Scholar