Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-30T23:12:28.038Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Food, Mood and Appetite

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2007

P. J. Rogers
Affiliation:
Consumer Sciences Department, Institute of Food Research, Reading Laboratory, Earley Gate, Whiteknights Road, Reading, RG6 2EF, United Kingdom
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1995

References

1American Psychiatric Association (1994), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn. Washington, DC: APA Press.Google Scholar
2Ashley, D. V. M., Liardon, R. & Leathwood, P. D. (1985). Breakfast meal composition influences plasma tryptophan to large neutral amino acid ratios of healthy lean young men. Journal of Neural Transmission 63, 271283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3Baeyens, F., Eelen, P., Van den Bergh, O. & Crombez, G. (1990). Flavor-flavor and color-flavor conditioning in humans. Learning and Motivation 21, 434455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4Barr, R. G., Quek, V. S. H., Cousineau, D., Oberlander, T. F., Brian, J. A., & Young, S. N. (1994). Effects of intraoral sucrose on crying, mouthing and hand-mouth contact in newborn and six-week-old infants. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 36, 608618.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5Baucom, D. H. & Aiken, P. A. (1981). Effect of depressed mood on eating among obese and nonobese dieting and nondieting persons. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 41, 577585.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6Beauchamp, G. K. (1994). The chemical senses and pleasure. In Pleasure, the Politics and the Reality, pp. 29-37 [ D. M., Warburton, editor]. Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
7Benkelfat, C., Ellenbogen, M. A., Dean, P., Palmour, R. M. & Young, S. N. (1994). Mood-lowering effect of tryptophan depletion. Enhanced susceptibility in young men at genetic risk for major affective disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 51, 687697.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8Birch, L. L., McPhee, L., Steinberg, L. & Sullivan, S. (1990). Conditioned flavor preferences in young children. Physiology and Behavior 47, 501505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9Birch, L. L., McPhee, L., Sullivan, S. & Johnson, S. (1989). Conditioned meal initiation in young children. Appetite 13, 105113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10Blass, E. M. (1987). Opioids, sweets and a mechanism for positive affect: broad motivational implications. In Sweetness, pp. 115126 [ J., Dobbing, editor]. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11Blass, E. M. (1991). Suckling: opioid and nonopioid processes in mother-infant bonding. In Chemical Senses, vol. 4, Appetite and Nutrition, pp. 283302 [ M. I., Friedman, M. G., Tordoff and M. R., Kare, editors]. New York: Marcel Dekker.Google Scholar
12Blass, E. M., Fitzgerald, E. & Kehoe, P. (1987). Interactions between sucrose, pain and isolation distress. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 26, 483489.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13Blass, E. M. & Hoffmeyer, L. B. (1991). Sucrose as an analgesic for newborn infants. Pediatrics 87, 215218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14Booth, D. A. (1978). Acquired behaviour controlling energy intake and output. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 1, 545579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15Booth, D. A. (1988). Culturally corralled into food abuse: the eating disorders as physiologically reinforced excessive appetites. In The Psychobiology of Bulimia Nervosa, pp. 1832. [ K. M., Pirke, W., Vanderecycken and D., Ploog, editors]. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16Booth, D. A. (1994). Psychology of Nutrition. London: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
17Booth, D. A., French, J. A., Wainwright, C. J. & Gatherer, A. J. H. (1992). Personal benefits from post-ingestional actions of dietary constituents. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 51, 335341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18Booth, D. A., Mather, P. & Fuller, J. (1982). Starch content of ordinary foods associatively conditions human appetite and satiation, indexed by intake and eating pleasantness of starch-paired flavours. Appetite 3, 163184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19Brody, S. & Wolitzky, D. L. (1983). Lack of mood changes following sucrose loading. Psychosomatics 24, 155162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20Bruce, M., Scott, N., Shine, P. & Lader, M. (1991). Caffeine withdrawal: a contrast of withdrawal symptoms in normal subjects who have abstained from caffeine for 24 hours and for 7 days. Journal of Psychopharmacology 5, 129134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21Bruch, H. (1961). Eating Disorders. New York: Basic Books.Google ScholarPubMed
22Brzezinski, A. A., Wurtman, J. J., Wurtman, R. J., Gleason, R., Greenfield, J. & Nader, T. (1990). ,d-Fenfluramine suppresses the increased calorie and carbohydrate intakes and improves the mood of women with premenstrual depression. Obstetrics and Gynecology 76, 296301.Google ScholarPubMed
23Christensen, L. & Redig, C. (1993). Effect of meal composition on mood. , Behavioral Neurosciences 107, 346353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24Cines, B. M. & Rozin, P. (1982). Some aspects of the liking for hot coffee and coffee flavour. Appetite 3, 2334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25Cockcroft, V. (1993). Chocolate on the brain. Biochemist, Apr/May, 1416.Google Scholar
26Cooper, P. J. & Bowskill, R. (1986). Dysphoric mood and overeating. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 25, 155156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27Cowen, P. J., Anderson, I. M. & Fairburn, C. G. (1992). Neurochemical effects of dieting: relevance to changes in eating and affective disorders. In The Biology of Feast and Famine: Relevance to Eating Disorders, pp. 269284 [ G. H., Anderson and S. H., Kennedy, editors]. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
28Cunningham, K. M., Daly, J., Horowitz, M. & Read, N. W. (1991). Gastrointestinal adaptation to diets of differing fat composition in human volunteers. Gut 32, 483486.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29de Castro, J. M. (1987). Macronutrient relationships with meal patterns and mood in the spontaneous feeding behavior of humans. Physiology and Behavior 39, 561569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30Deijen, J. M., Heemstra, M. L. & Orlebeke, J. F. (1989). Dietary effects on mood and performance. Journal of Psychiatric Research 23, 275283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31 Department of Health (1992). Health of the Nation. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
32Drewnowski, A. (1992). Food preferences and the opioid peptide system. Trends in Food Science and Technology 3, 9799.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33Drewnowski, A., Krahn, D. D., Demitrack, M. A., Nairn, K. & Gosnell, B. A. (1992 a). Taste responses and preferences for sweet high-fat foods: evidence for opioid involvement. Physiology and Behavior 51, 371379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34Drewnowski, A., Kurth, C., Holden-Wiltse, J. & Saari, J. (1992 b). Food preferences in human obesity: carbohydrates versus fats. Appetite 18, 207221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35Elizalde, G. & Sclafani, A. (1990). , Flavor preferences conditioned by intragastric polycose infusions: a detailed analysis using an electronic esophagus preparation. Physiology and Behavior 47, 6377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36Engelberg, H. (1992). Low serum cholesterol and suicide. Lancet 339, 727729.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37Fernstrom, J. D. (1994). Dietary amino acids and brain function. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 94, 7177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38Fernstrom, J. D. & Wurtman, R. J. (1971 a). Brain serotonin content: increase following ingestion of carbohydrate diet. Science 174, 10231025.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39Fernstrom, J. D. & Wurtman, R. J. (1971 b). Brain serotonin content: physiological dependence on plasma tryptophan levels. Science 173, 149152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40Fernstrom, J. D. & Wurtman, R. J. (1972). Brain serotonin content: physiological regulation by plasma neutral amino acids. Science 178, 414416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41Fernstrom, M. H., Krowinski, R. L. & Kupfer, D. J. (1987). Appetite and food preference in depression: effects of imipramine treatment. Biological Psychiatry 22, 529539.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42Finnigan, F. & Hammersley, R. (1992). The effects of alcohol on performance. In Handbook of Human Performance. vol. 2, Health and Performance, pp. 73126 [ A. P., Smith and D. M., Jones, editors]. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
43Forbes, J. M. & Rogers, P. J. (1994). Food selection. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews 64, 10651078.Google Scholar
44French, S. J., Murray, B., Rumsey, R. D. E., Fadzlin, R. & Read, N. W. (1995). Adaptation to high fat diets: effects on eating behaviour and plasma cholecystokinin. British Journal of Nutrition 73, 179189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45Fullerton, D. T., Getto, C. J., Swift, W. J. & Carlson, I. H. (1985). Sugar, opioids and binge eating. Brain Research Bulletin 14, 673680.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46Garcia, J., Hankins, W. G. & Rusiniak, K. W. (1974). Behavioral regulation of the milleu interne in man and rat. Science 185, 824831.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
47Gardner, M. L. G. (1984). Intestinal assimilation of intact peptides and proteins from the diet – a neglected field? Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 59, 289331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
48Gilbert, R. M. (1984). Caffeine consumption. In The Methylxanthine Beverages and Foods: Chemistry, Consumption and Health, pp. 185214 [ G. A., Spiller, editor]. New York: Alan R. Liss.Google Scholar
49Goodwin, G. M., Cowen, P. J., Fairburn, C. G., Parry-Billings, M., Calder, P. C. & Newsholme, E. A. (1990). Plasma concentrations of tryptophan and dieting. British Medical Journal 300, 14991500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50Goodwin, G. M., Fairburn, C. G. & Cowen, P. J. (1987). Dieting changes serotonergic function in women, not men: implications for the aetiology of anorexia nervosa? Psychological Medicine 17, 839842.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
51Green, M. W. & Rogers, P. J. (1995). Impaired cognitive functioning in dieters during dieting. Psychological Medicine 25, (In the Press).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52Green, M. W., Rogers, P. J., Elliman, N. A. & Gatenby, S. J. (1994). Impariment of cognitive performance associated with dieting and high levels of dietary restraint. Physiology and Behaviour 55, 447452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
53Griffiths, R. R. & Mumford, G. K. (1995). Caffeine – A drug of abuse? In Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress, pp. 16991713 [ Bloom, F. E. and D. J., Kupfer, editors]. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
54Griffiths, R. R. & Woodson, P. P. (1988). Caffeine physical dependence: a review of human and laboratory animal studies. Psychopharmacology 94, 437451.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55Hanks, P. (Ed.) (1986). Collins Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd edn. London: Collins.Google Scholar
56Hassmén, P., Blomstrand, E., Ekblom, B. & Newsholme, E. A. (1994).Branched-chain amino acid supplementation during 30-km competitive run: mood and cognitive performance. Nutrition 10, 405410.Google ScholarPubMed
57Heather, N. & Bradley, B. P. (1990). Cue exposure as a practical treatment for addictive disorders: why are we waiting? Addictive Behaviors 15, 335337.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58Herman, C. P. & Mack, D. (1975). Restrained and unrestrained eating. Journal of Personality 43, 647660.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59Herman, C. P. & Polivy, J. (1980). Restrained eating. In Obesity, pp. 208225 [ A. J., Stunkard, editor]. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.Google Scholar
60Herman, C. P. & Polivy, J. (1984). A Boundary model for the regulation of eating. In Eating and Its Disorders (Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease, Research Publications vol. 62), pp. 141156 [ A. J., Stunkard and E., Stellar, editors]. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
61Herman, C. P. & Polivy, J. (1991). Fat is a psychological issue. New Scientist 132 (1795), 4145.Google Scholar
62Hetherington, M. M., Altemus, M., Nelson, M. L., Bernat, A. S. & Gold, P. W. (1994). Eating behavior in bulimia nervosa: multiple meal analyses. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 60, 864873.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63Hill, A. J. (1993). Causes and consequences of dieting and anorexia. Procedings of the Nutrition Society 52, 211218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64Hill, A. J. & Blundell, J. E. (1988). Role of amino acids in appetite control in man. In Amino Acids in Health and Disease, pp. 239248 [ G., Huether, editor]. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
65Hill, A. J. & Heaton-Brown, L. (1994). The experience of food craving: a prospective study in healthy women. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 38, 801814.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66Hill, A. J., Rogers, P. J. & Blundell, J. E. (1995). The experimental measurement of human eating behaviour and food intake: a practical guide. International Journal of Obesity 19, 361375.Google ScholarPubMed
67Hill, A. J., Weaver, C. F. L. & Blundell, J. E. (1991). Food craving, dietary restraint and mood. Appetite 17, 187197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68James, A. (1990). The good, the bad and the delicious: the role of confectionery in British society. Sociological Review 38, 666688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
69James, J. E. (1991). Caffeine and Health. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
70Jansen, A., Broekmate, J. & Heymans, M. (1992). Cue-exposure vs. self-control in the treatment of binge eating: a pilot study. Behaviour Research and Therapy 30, 235241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71Jarvis, M. J. (1993). Does caffeine intake enhance absolute levels of congnitive performance? Psychopharmacology 110, 4552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
72Johnson, S. L., McPhee, L. & Birch, L. L. (1991). Conditioned preferences: young children prefer flavors associated with high dietary fat. Physiology and Behavior 50, 12451251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
73Kaplan, H. I. & Kaplan, H. S. (1957). The psychosomatic concept of obesity. journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders 125, 181201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
74Kaplan, J. R., Shively, C. A., Fontenot, M. B., Morgan, T. M., Howell, S. M., Manuck, S. B., Muldoon, M. F. & Mann, J. J. (1994). Demonstration of an association among dietary cholesterol, central serotonergic activity, and social behaviour in monkeys. Psychosomatic Medicine 56, 479484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
75Kern, D. L., McPhee, L., Fisher, J., Johnson, S. & Birch, L. L. (1993). The postingestive consequences of fat condition preferences for flavors associated with high dietary fat. Physiology and Behavior 54, 7176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
76Kirkham, T. C. & Cooper, S. J. (1988). Naloxone attenuation of sham feeding is modified by manipulation of sucrose concentration. Physiology and Behavior 44, 491494.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77Kirkham, T. C. & Cooper, S. J. (1991). Opioid peptides in relation to the treatment of obesity and bulimia. In Peptides: A Target for New Drug Development, pp. 2844 [ S. R., Bloom and G., Burnstock, editors]. London: IBC.Google Scholar
78Koob, G. F. (1992). Drugs of abuse: anatomy, pharmacology and function of reward pathways. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 13, 177184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
79Kräuchi, K. & Wirz-Justice, A. (1988). The four seasons: food intake frequency in seasonal affective disorder in the course of a year. Psychiatry Research 25, 323338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80Laessle, R. G., Schweiger, U., Fichter, M. M. & Pirke, K. M. (1988). Eating disorders and depression: psychobiological findings in bulimia and anorexia nervosa. In The Psychobiology of Bulimia Nervosa, pp. 90100 [ K. M., Pirke, W., Vandereycken and D., Ploog, editors]. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
81 Leatherhead Food RA (1994). Functional foods: commercial and technical trends and developments. Leatherhead Food RA Conference Proceedings 60, 09.Google Scholar
82Leathwood, P. D. (1987). Tryptophan availability and serotonin synthesis. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 46, 143156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
83Liddle, R. A., Goldfine, I. D. & Williams, J. A. (1983). Bioassay of circulating CCK in rat and human plasma. Gastroenterology 84, 12311236.Google Scholar
84Lieberman, H. R., Caballero, B. & Finer, N. (1986 a). The composition of lunch determines afternoon plasma tryptophan rations in humans. Journal of Neural Transmission 65, 211217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
85Lieberman, H. R., Wurtman, J. J. & Chew, B. (1986 b). Changes in mood after carbohydrate consumption among obese individuals. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 44, 772778.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
86Lloyd, H. M., Green, M. W. & Rogers, P. J. (1994). Mood and cognitive performance effects of isocaloric lunches differing in fat and carbohydrate content. Physiology and Behavior 56, 5157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
87Lloyd, H. M. & Rogers, P. J. (1994). Acute effects of breakfasts of differing fat and carbohydrate content on morning mood and cognitive performance. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 53, 239A.Google Scholar
88Lloyd, H. M. & Rogers, P. J. (1995). Mood and cognitive performance improved by a low dose of alcohol administered double blind. Appetite (In the Press).Google Scholar
89Lowe, G. (1990). Alcohol: a positive enhancer of pleasurable expectancies? In Addiction Controversies, pp. 5365 [ D. M., Warburton, editor]. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood.Google Scholar
90Lowe, M. R. (1993). The effects of dieting on eating behaviour: a three-factor model. Psychological Bulletin 114, 100121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
91Lyman, B. (1989). A Psychology of Food, More Than a Matter of Taste. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.Google Scholar
92Macdiarmid, J. I. & Hetherington, M. M. (1995). Mood modulation by food: an exploration of affect and cravings in ‘chocolate addicts’. British Journal of Psychology 34, 129138.Google ScholarPubMed
93McGrath, R. E., Buckwald, B. & Resnick, E. V. (1990). The effect of L-tryptophan on seasonal affective disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 51, 162163.Google ScholarPubMed
94Maes, M. & Meltzer, H. Y. (1995). The serotonin hypothesis of major depression. In Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress, pp. 933944 [ F. E., Bloom and D. J., Kupfer, editors]. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
95Matthews, G., Jones, D. M. & Chamberlain, A. G. (1990). Refining the measurement of mood: The UWIST Mood Adjective Checklist. British Journal of Psychology 81, 1742.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
96Max, B. (1989). This and that: chocolate addiction, the dual pharmacogenetics of asparagus eaters, and the arithmetic of freedom. Trends in Pharmacological Science 10 390393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
97Meisel, J. H. & Schlimme, E. (1990). Milk proteins: precursors of bioactive peptides. Trends in Food Science and Technology 1, 4143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
98Michener, W. & Rozin, P. (1994). Pharmacological versus sensory factors in the satiation of chocolate craving. Physiology and Behavior 56, 419422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
99Miller, A., Barr, R. G. & Young, S. N. (1994). The cold pressor test in children: methodological aspects and the analgestic effect of intraoral sucrose. Pain 56, 175183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
100Mizes, J. S. (1985). Bulimia: a review of its symptomatology and treatment. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy 7, 91142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
101Møller, S. E. (1992) Serotonin, carbohydrates, and atypical depression. Pharmacology and Toxicology 71 (Supplement l), 6171CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
102Morley, J. E., Levine, A. S., Yamada, T., Gebhard, R. L., Prigge, W. F., Shafer, R. B., Goetz, F. C. & Silvis, S. E. (1983). Effect of exorphins on gastrointestinal function, hormonal release, and appetite. Gastroenterology 84, 15171523.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
103Muldoon, M. F., Manuck, S. B. & Matthews, K. A. (1991). Mortality experience in cholesterol reduction trials. New England Journal of Medicine 324, 922923.Google ScholarPubMed
104Mumford, G. K., Evans, S. M., Kaminski, B. J., Preston, K. L., Sannerud, C. A., Silverman, K. & Griffiths, R. R. (1994). Discriminative stimulus and subjective effects of theobromine and caffeine in humans. Psychopharmacology 115, 18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
105Nehlig, A., Daval, J.-L. & Debry, G. (1992). Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects. Brain Research Reviews 17, 139170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
106Newsholme, E. A., Blomstrand, E. & Ekblom, B. (1992). Physical and mental fatigue: metabolic mechanisms and importance of plasma amino acids. British Medical Bulletin 48, 477495.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
107O'Brien, C. P., Eckardt, M. J. & Linnoila, V. M. (1995). Pharmacotherapy of alcoholism. In Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress, pp. 17451755 [ F. E., Bloom and D.J., Kupfer, editors]. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
108O'Rourke, D., Wurtman, J. J., Wurtman, R. J., Chebli, R. & Gleason, R. (1989). Treatment of seasonal depression with d-fenfluramine. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 50, 343347.Google ScholarPubMed
109Pijl, H., Koppeschaar, H. P. F., Cohen, A. F., Iestra, J. A., Schoemaker, H. C., Frölich, M., Onkenhout, W. & Meinders, A. E. (1993). Evidence for brain serotonin-mediated control of carbohydrate consumption in normal weight and obese humans. International Journal of Obesity 17, 513520.Google ScholarPubMed
110Pivonka, E. E. A. & Grunewald, K. K. (1990). Aspartame–or sugar-sweetened beverages: effects on mood in young women. Journal of the American Dietetic Assocation 90, 250254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
111Polivy, J. (1976). Perception of calories and regulation of intake in restrained and unrestrained subjects. Addictive Behaviors 1, 237243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
112Polivy, J. & Herman, C. P. (1976). Clinical depression and weight change: a complex relation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 85, 338340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
113Polivy, J. & Herman, C. P., (1985). Dieting and binging. A causal analysis. American Psychologist 40, 193201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
114Polivy, J., Herman, C. P., Younger, J. C. & Erskine, B. (1979). Effects of a model on eating behavior: the induction of a restrained eating style. Journal of Personality 47, 100117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
115Plutchik, R. (1976). Emotions and attitudes related to being overweight. Journal of Clinical Psychology 32, 2124.3.0.CO;2-C>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
116Richardson, N. J. & Rogers, P. J. (1993). Caffeine, caffeine withdrawal and preferences for caffeine-containing beverages. Appetite 21, 201.Google Scholar
117Richardson, N. J., Rogers, P. J., Elliman, N. A. & O'Dell, R. J. (1995). Mood and performance effects of caffeine in relation to acute and chronic caffeine deprivation. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior (In the Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
118Robbins, T. W. & Fray, P. J. (1980). Stress-induced eating: fact, fiction or misunderstanding? Appetite 1, 103133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
119Robinson, J. & Ferguson, A. (1992). Food sensitivity and the nervous system: hyperactivity, addiction and criminal behaviour. Nutrition Research Reviews 5, 203223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
120Rodin, J., Mancuso, J., Granger, J. & Nelbach, E. (1991). Food cravings in relation to body mass index, restraint and estradiol levels: a repeated measures study in healthy women. Appetite 17, 177185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
121Rogers, P. J. (1990). Why a palatability construct is needed. Appetite 14, 167170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
122Rogers, P. J. (1994). Mechanisms of moreishness and food craving. In Pleasure, the Politics and the Reality, pp. 3849 [ D. M., Warburton, editor]. Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
123Rogers, P. J., Anderson, A. O., Finch, G. M., Jas, P. & Gatenby, S. J. (1994 a). Relationships between food craving and anticipatory salivation, eating patterns, mood and body weight in women and men. Appetite 23, 319.Google Scholar
124Rogers, P. J. & Blundell, J. E. (1994). Reanalysis of the effects of phenylalanine, alanine and aspartame on food intake in human subjects. Physiology and Behavior 56, 247250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
125Rogers, P. J., Edwards, S., Green, M. W. & Jas, P. (1992). Nutritional influences on mood and congnitive performance: the menstrual cycle, caffeine and dieting. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 51, 343351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
127Rogers, P. J. & Green, M. W. (1993). Dieting, dietary restraint and cognitive performance. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 32, 113116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
128Rogers, P. J., Green, M. W. & Edwards, S. (1994 b). Nutritional influences on mood and cognitive performance: their measurement and relevance to food acceptance. In Measurement of Food Preferences, pp. 227252 [ H. J. H., MacFie and D. M. H., Thomson, editors]. Glasgow: Blackie.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
129Rogers, P. J. & Hill, A. J. (1989). Breakdown of dietary restraint following mere exposure to food stimuli: interrelationships between restraint, hunger, salivation, and food intake. Addictive Behaviors 14, 387397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
130Rogers, P. J., Keedwell, P. & Blundell, J. E. (1991). Further analysis of the short-term inhibition of food intake in humans by the dipeptide L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester (aspartame). Physiology and Behavior 49, 739743.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
131Rogers, P. J. & Lloyd, H. M. (1994). Nutrition and mental performance. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 53, 443456.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
132Rogers, P. J. & Richardson, N. J. (1993). Why do we like drinks that contain caffeine? Trends in Food Science and Technology 4, 108111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
133Rogers, P. J., Richardson, N. J. & Demnoncourt, C. (1995). Caffeine use: is there a net benefit for mood and psychomotor performance? Neuropsychobiology 31, 195199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
134Rosen, J. C. (1981). Effects of low-calorie dieting and exposure to diet-prohibited food on appetite and anxiety. Appetite 2, 366369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
135Rosenthal, N. E., Genhart, M. J., Caballero, B., Jacobsen, F. M., Skwerer, R. G., Coursey, R. D., Rogers, S. & Spring, B. J. (1989). Psychobiological effects of carbohydrate– and protein-rich meals in patients with seasonal affective disorder and normal controls. Biological Psychiatry 25, 10291040.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
136Rosenthal, N. E., Genhart, M. J., Jacobsen, F. M., Skwerer, R. G. & Weht, T. A. (1987). Disturbances of appetite and weight regulation in seasonal affective disorder. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 499, 216223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
137Rosenthal, N. E. & Hefferman, M. M. (1986). Bulimia, Carbohydrate craving, and depression: a central connection? In Nutrition and the Brain, vol. 7, pp. 139166 [ R. J., Wurtman and J. J., Wurtman, editors]. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
138Rozin, P., Levine, E. & Stoess, C. (1991). Chocolate craving and liking. Appetite 17, 199212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
139Ruderman, A. J. (1986). Dietary restraint: a theoretical and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin 99, 247262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
140Schachter, S. (1971). Emotion, Obesity and Crime. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
141Schlundt, D. G., Virts, K. L., Sbrocco, T., Pope-Cordle, J. & Hill, J. O. (1993). A sequential behavioral analysis of craving sweets in obese women. Addictive Behaviors 18, 6780.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
142Schweiger, U., Laessle, R., Kittl, S., Dickhaut, B., Schweiger, M. & Pirke, K. M. (1986). Macronutrient intake, plasma large neutral amino acids and mood during weight-reducing diets. Journal of Neural Transmission 67, 7786.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
143Sclafani, A. (1990). Nutritionally based learned flavor preferences in rats. In Taste, Feeding and Experience, pp. 139156 [ E. D., Capaldi and T. L., Powley, editors]. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
144Silverman, K., Evans, S. M., Strain, E. C. & Griffiths, R. R. (1992). Withdrawal syndrome after the double-blind cessation of caffeine consumption. New England Journal of Medicine 327, 11091114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
145Slochower, J. A. (1983). Excessive Eating. New York: Human Sciences Press.Google Scholar
146Smith, A., Maben, A. & Brockman, P. (1994). Effects of evening meals and caffeine on cognitive performance, mood and cardiovascular functioning. Appetite 22, 5765.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
147Smith, A. P., Rusted, J. M., Savory, M., Eaton-Williams, P. & Hall, S. R. (1991). The effects of caffeine, impulsivity and time of day on performance, mood and cardiovascular function. Journal of Psychopharmacology 5, 120128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
148Smith, B. A., Fillion, T. J. & Blass, E. M. (1990). Orally mediated sources of calming in 1- to 3-day-old human infants. Developmental Psychology 26, 731737.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
149Spencer, J. A. & Fremouw, W. J. (1979). Binge eating as a function of restraint and weight classification. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 88, 262267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
150Spring, B. (1986). Effects of foods and nutrients on the behavior of normal individuals. In Nutrition and the Brain, vol. 7, pp. 147 [ R. J., Wurtman and J. J., Wurtman, editors]. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
151Spring, B., Chiodo, J. & Bowen, D. J. (1987). Carbohydrates, tryptophan, and behavior: a methodological review. Psychological Bulletin 102, A234256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
152Stacher, G., Bauer, H. & Steinringer, H. (1979). Cholecystokinin decreases appetite and activation evoked by stimuli arising from the preparation of a meal in man. Physiology and Behaviour 23, 325331.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
153Steele, C. M. & Josephs, R. A. (1990). Alcohol myopia. Its prized and dangerous effects. American Psychologist 45, 921933.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
154Steere, J. & Cooper, P. J. (1992). The effects on eating of dietary restraint, anxiety, and hunger. International Journal of Eating Disorders 13, 211219.3.0.CO;2-Q>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
155Steinberg, L. A., O'Connell, N. C., Hatch, T. F., Picciano, M. F. & Birch, L. L. (1992). Tryptophan intake influences infants' sleep latency. Journal of Nutrition 122, 17811791.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
156Steinberg, S., Annable, L., Young, S. N. & Bélanger, M.-C. (1994). Tryptophan in the treatment of late luteal phase dysphoric disorder: a pilot study. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 19, 114119.Google ScholarPubMed
157Steiner, J. E. (1987). What the neonate can tell us about umami. In Umami, a Basic Taste, pp. 97123 [ Y., Kawamura and M. R., Kare, editors]. New York: Marcel Dekker.Google Scholar
158Stolerman, I. (1992). Drugs of abuse: behavioural principles, methods and terms. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 13, 170176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
159Tarka, S. M. (1982). The toxicology of cocoa and methylxanthines: a review of the literature. CRC Critical Reviews of Toxicology 9, 275312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
160Teff, K. L., Young, S. N. & Blundell, J. E. (1989 a). The effect of protein or carbohydrate breakfasts on subsequent plasma amino acid levels, satiety and nutrient selection in normal males. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 34, 829837.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
161Teff, K. L., Young, S. N., Marchand, L. & Botez, M. I. (1989 b). Acute effect of protein or carbohydrate breakfasts on human cerebrospinal fluid monoamine precursor and metabolite levels. Journal of Neurochemistry 52, 235241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
162Thayer, R. E. (1989). The Biopsychology of Mood and Arousal. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
163van der Ster Wallin, G., Norring, C. & Holmgren, S. (1994). Binge eating versus nonpurged eating in bulimics: is there a carbohydrate craving after all? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 89, 376381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
164van Dusseldorp, M. & Katan, M. B. (1990). Headache caused by caffeine withdrawal among moderate coffee drinkers switched from ordinary to decaffeinated coffee: a 12 week double blind trial. British Medical Journal 300, 15581559.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
165van Praag, H. M. (1990). Catecholamine precursor research in depression: the practical and scientific yield. In Amino Acids in Psychiatric Disease, pp. 7797 [ M. A., Richardson, editor]. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.Google Scholar
166Van Strien, T., Frijters, J. E. R., Bergers, G. P. A. & Defares, P. B. (1986). The Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained, emotional, and external eating behaviour. International Journal of Eating Disorders 5, 295315.3.0.CO;2-T>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
167Vitiello, M. V. & Woods, S. C. (1977). Evidence for withdrawal from caffeine by rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 6, 553555.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
168Wardle, J. (1987). Eating style: a validation study of the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire in normal subjects and women with eating disorders. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 31, 161169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
169Wardle, J. (1990). Conditioning processes and cue exposure in the modification of excessive eating. Addictive Behaviors 15, 387393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
170Weingarten, H. P. (1983). Conditioned cues elicit feeding in sated rats: a role for learning in meal initiation. Science 220, 431433.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
171Weingarten, H. P. (1984 a). Meal initiation controlled by learned cues: basic behavioral properties. Appetite 5, 147158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
172Weingarten, H. P. (1984 b). Meal initiation controlled by learned cues: effects of peripheral cholinergic blockade and cholecystokinin. Physiology and Behavior 32, 403408.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
173Weingarten, H. P. (1985). Stimulus control of eating: implications for a two-factor theory of hunger. Appetite 6, 387401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
174Weingarten, H. P. & Elston, D. (1991). Food cravings in a college population. Appetite 17, 167175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
175Weingarten, H. P. & Martin, G. M. (1989). Mechanisms of conditioned meal initiation. Physiology and Behavior 45, 735740.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
176Weltzin, T. E., Fernstrom, M. H. & Kaye, W. H. (1994). Serotonin and bulimia nervosa. Nutrition Reviews 52, 399408.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
177Westenhoefer, J., Broeckmann, P., M¨nch, A.-K. & Pudel, V. (1994). Cognitive control of eating behaviour and the disinhibition effect. Appetite 23, 2741.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
178Wurtman, J. J. (1988). Carbohydrate craving, mood changes, and obesity. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 49 (Supplement), 3739.Google ScholarPubMed
179Wurtman, J. J., Brzezinski, A., Wurtman, R. J. & Laferrere, B. (1989). Effect of nutrient intake on premenstrual depression. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 161, 12281234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
180Wurtman, J. J. & Danbrot, M. (1988). Managing Your Mind and Moods Through Food. London: Grafton Books.Google Scholar
181Wurtman, J., Wurtman, R., Reynolds, S., Tsay, R. & Chew, B. (1987). Fenflurdmine suppresses snack intake among carbohydrate cravers but not among noncarbohydrate cravers. International Journal of Eating Disorders 6, 687699.3.0.CO;2-O>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
182Wurtman, R. J., Hefti, F. & Melamed, E. (1981). Precursor control of neurotransmitter synthesis. Pharmacological Reviews 32, 315335.Google Scholar
183Wurtman, R. J. & Wurtman, J. J. (1989). Carbohydrates and depression. Scientific American 260, 5057.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
184Wurtman, R. J. & Wurtman, J. J. (1992). The use of carbohydrate-rich snacks to modify mood state: a factor in the production of obesity. In The Biology of Feast and Famine: Relevance to Eating Disorders, pp. 151156 [ G. H., Anderson and S. H., Kennedy, editors]. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
185Yeomans, M. R. & Wright, P. (1991). Lower pleasantness of palatable foods in nalmefene-treated human volunteers. Appetite 16, 249259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
186Young, S. N. (1986). The clinical psychopharmacology of tryptophan. In Nutrition and the Brain, vol. 7, pp. 4988 [ Wurtman, R. J. and Wurtman, J. J., editors]. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
187Young, S. N. (1991). Some effects of dietary components (amino acids, carbohydrate, folic acid) on brain serotonin synthesis, mood, and behavior. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 69, 893903.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
188Young, S. N. (1993). The use of diet and dietary components in the study of factors controlling affect in humans: a review. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 18, 235244.Google Scholar
189Young, S. N., Smith, S. E., Pihl, R. O. & Ervin, F. R. (1985). Tryptophan depletion causes a rapid lowering of mood in normal males. Psychopharmacology 87, 173177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
190Zellner, D. A. (1991). How foods get to be liked. In The Hedonics of Taste, pp. 199217 [ Bolles, R. C., editor]. Hillside, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
191Zellner, D. A., Rozin, P., Aron, M. & Kulish, C. (1983). Conditioned enhancement of human's liking for flavor by pairing with sweetness. Learning and Motivation 14, 338350$.CrossRefGoogle Scholar