Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-kw2vx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-13T12:47:41.772Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

High-selenium wheat: biofortification for better health

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 November 2007

Graham Lyons ,
James Stangoulis  and
Robin Graham
Graham Lyons*
Affiliation:
School of Agriculture and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB1 Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
James Stangoulis
Affiliation:
School of Agriculture and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB1 Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
Robin Graham
Affiliation:
School of Agriculture and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB1 Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
*
*Corresponding author: Graham Lyons, fax +61 8 8303 7109, email graham.lyons@adelaide.edu.au
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The metalloid Se is ubiquitous in soils, but exists mainly in insoluble forms in high-Fe, low-pH and certain leached soils, and hence is often of limited availability to plants. Consequently, it is often supplied by plants to animals and human consumers at levels too low for optimum health. Se deficiency and suboptimality are manifested in populations as increased rates of thyroid dysfunction, cancer, severe viral diseases, cardiovascular disease and various inflammatory conditions. Se deficiency probably affects at least a billion individuals. Optimal cancer protection appears to require a supra-nutritional Se intake, and involves several mechanisms, which include promotion of apoptosis and inhibition of neo-angiogenesis. Evidence suggests that in some regions Se is declining in the food chain, and new strategies to increase its intake are required. These could include education to increase consumption of higher-Se foods, individual supplementation, food fortification, supplementation of livestock, Se fertilisation of crops and plant breeding for enhanced Se accumulation. Se levels in Australian residents and wheat appear to be above the global estimated mean. Wheat is estimated to supply nearly half the Se utilised by most Australians. Increasing the Se content of wheat represents a food systems approach that would increase population intake, with consequent probable improvement in public health and large health cost savings. The strategies that show most promise to achieve this are biofortification by Se fertilisation and breeding wheat varieties that are more efficient at increasing grain Se density. Research is needed in Australia to determine the most cost-effective fertilisation methods, and to determine the extent of genetic variability for grain Se accumulation. Before recommending large-scale fortification of the food supply with Se, it will be necessary to await the results of current intervention studies with Se on cancer, HIV and AIDS, and asthma.

Keywords

SeleniumBiofortificationWheatDisease prevention
Type
Research Article
Information
Nutrition Research Reviews , Volume 16 , Issue 1 , June 2003 , pp. 45 - 60
Copyright
Copyright © CABI Publishing 2003

References

Alfthan, G & Neve, J (1996) Selenium intakes and plasma selenium levels in various populations. In Natural Antioxidants and Food Quality in Atherosclerosis and Cancer Prevention, pp. [Kumpulainen, J and Salonen, J editors]. Cambridge: UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 161–167.Google Scholar
Allan, CB, Lacourciere, GM & Stadtman, TC (1999) Responsiveness of selenoproteins to dietary selenium. Annual Reviews of Nutrition 19, 1–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Angstwurm, MWA, Schottdorf, J, Schopohl, J & Gartner, R (1999) Selenium replacement in patients with severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome improves clinical outcome. Critical Care Medicine 27, 1807–1813.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aro, A, Alfthan, G & Varo, P (1995) Effects of supplementation of fertilizers on human selenium status in Finland. Analyst 120, 841–843.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ashour, MN, Salem, SI, El-Gadban, HM, Elwan, NM & Basu, TK (1999) Antioxidant status in children with protein-calorie malnutrition (PEM) living in Cairo, Egypt. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52, 669–673.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Babidge, PJ (1990) Selenium concentrations in South Australian wheat and barley. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 18, 452.Google Scholar
Baeten, JM, Mostad, SB, Hughes, MP, Overbaugh, J, Bankson, DD, Mandaliya, K, Ndinya-Achola, JO, Bwayo, JJ & Kreiss, JK (2001) Selenium deficiency is associated with shedding of HIV-1-infected cells in the female genital tract. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 26, 360–364.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barclay, MNI & MacPherson, A (1992) Selenium content of wheat for bread making in Scotland and the relationship between glutathione peroxidase levels in whole blood and bread consumption. British Journal of Nutrition 68, 261–270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barclay, MNI, MacPherson, A & Dixon, J (1995) Selenium content of a range of UK foods. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 8, 307–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, J, Patterson, C, Reilly, C & Tinggi, U (1989) Selenium in the diet of children with phenylketonuria. In Nutrient Availability: Chemical and Biological Aspects, pp. 281–283 [Southgate, DAT, Johnson, IT and Fenwick, GR editors]. London: UK: Royal Society of Chemistry.Google Scholar
Barrington, JW, Lindsay, P, James, D, Smith, S & Roberts, A (1996) Selenium deficiency and miscarriage: a possible link?. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 103, 130–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baum, MK & Shor-Posner, G (1998) Micronutrient status in relationship to mortality in HIV-1 disease. Nutrition Reviews 56, S135–S139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baum, MK, Shor-Posner, G & Lai, S (1997) High risk of HIV-related mortality is associated with selenium deficiency. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 15, 370–374.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beath, OA, Eppson, HF & Gilbert, CS (1937) Selenium distribution in and seasonal variation of vegetation occurring on seleniferous soil. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association 26, 394–398.Google Scholar
Beck, MA (2001) Antioxidants and viral infections: host immune response and viral pathogenicity. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 20(Suppl. 5): S384–S388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, MA, Esworthy, RS, Ho, YS & Chu, FF (1998) Glutathione peroxidase protects mice from viral-induced myocarditis. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal 12, 1143–1149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, MA, Shi, Q, Morris, VC & Levander, OA (1995) Rapid genomic evolution of a non-virulent Coxsackievirus B3 in selenium-deficient mice results in selection of identical virulent isolates. Nature Medicine 1, 433–436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beckett, GJ, Beddows, SE & Morrice, PC (1987) Inhibition of hepatic deiodination of thyroxine is caused by selenium deficiency in rats. Biochemical Journal 248, 443–447.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Behne, D, Kyriakopoulos, A & Kalcklosh, M (1997) Two new selenoproteins found in the prostatic glandular epithelium and the spermatid nuclei. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 10, 340–345.Google ScholarPubMed
Berrow, ML & Ure, AM (1989) Geological materials and soils. In Occurrence and Distribution of Selenium, pp. 226–228 [Ihnat, M editor]. Boca Raton: FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Bird, SM, Uden, PC, Tyson, JF, Block, E & Denoyer, E (1997) Speciation of selenoamino acids and organoselenium compounds in selenium-enriched yeast using high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 12, 785–788.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boila, RJ, Stothers, SC & Campbell, LD (1993) The concentration of selenium in the grain from wheat, barley and oats grown at selected locations throughout Manitoba. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 73, 217–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyne, R & Arthur, J (1986) The response of selenium-deficient mice to Candida albicans infection. Journal of Nutrition 116, 816–822.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brock, K, Gridley, G, Morris, J & Willett, W (1991) Serum selenium level in relation to in situ cervical cancer in Australia. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 83, 292–293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brooks, JD, Metter, EJ, Chan, DW, Sokoll, LJ, Landis, P, Nelson, WG, Muller, D, Andres, R & Carter, HB (2001) Plasma selenium level before diagnosis and the risk of prostate cancer development. Journal of Urology 166, 2034–2038.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broyer, TC, Lee, DC & Asher, CJ (1966) Selenium nutrition of green plants. Effect of selenite supply on growth and selenium content of alfalfa and subterranean clover. Plant Physiology 41, 1425–1428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bugel, S, Sandstrom, B, Larsen, EH & Skibsted, LH (2002) Is selenium from animal sources bioavailable? 11th Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals, 2–6 June 2002. Berkeley, CA: Trace Elements in Man and Animals Committee.Google Scholar
Burk, RF (2002) Selenium, an antioxidant nutrient. Nutritional Clinical Care 5, 75–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campa, A, Shor-Posner, G & Indacochea, F (1999) Mortality risk in selenium-deficient HIV-positive children. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 20, 508–513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cary, EE & Allaway, WH (1969) The stability of different forms of selenium applied to low-selenium soils. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 33, 571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cary, EE & Gissel-Nielsen, G (1973) Effect of fertiliser anions on the solubility of native and applied selenium in soil. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 37, 590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, X, Mikhael, SS, Ding, YW, Yang, GY, Bondoc, F & Yang, CS (2000) Effects of vitamin E and selenium supplementation on esophageal adenocarcinogenesis in a surgical model with rats. Carcinogenesis 21, 1531–1536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, LC, Combs, GF, Turnbull, BW, Slate, EH, Chalker, DK, Chow, J, Davis, LS, Glover, RA, Graham, GF, Gross, EG, Krongrad, A, Lesher, JL, Park, HK, Sanders, BB, Smith, CL & Taylor, JR (1996) Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. Journal of the American Medical Association 276, 1957–1963.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Combs, GF (1988) Selenium in foods. In Advances in Food Research, pp. 85–113 [Chichester, CO and Schweiger, BS editors]. San Diego: CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Combs, GF (2000) Considering the mechanisms of cancer prevention by selenium. In Nutrition and Cancer Prevention, pp. 107–117 [Kluwer Academic, AICR editor]. New York: NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.Google Scholar
Combs, GF (2001) Selenium in global food systems. British Journal of Nutrition 85, 517–547.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Combs, GF & Gray, WP (1998) Chemopreventive agents: selenium. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 79, 179–192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cumming, F, Fardy, JJ & Woodward, DR (1992) Selenium and human lactation in Australia: milk and blood selenium levels in lactating women and selenium intakes of their breast-fed infants. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 81, 292–295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daniels, LA, Gibson, RA & Simmer, KN (2000) Indicators of selenium status in Australian infants. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 36, 370–374.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deagen, JT, Butler, JA, Beilstein, MA & Whanger, PD (1987) Effects of dietary selenite, selenocysteine and selenomethionine on selenocysteine lyase and glutathione peroxidase activities and on selenium levels in rat tissue. Journal of Nutrition 117, 91–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De las Heras Castano, G, Garcia de la Paz, A, Fernandez, MD & Fernandez-Forcelledo, JL (2000) Use of antioxidants to treat pain in chronic pancreatitis. Revista Espanola de Enfermedades Digestivas 92, 375–385.Google ScholarPubMed
Dhindsa, HS, Bergmingham, MA, Mierzwa, J & Sullivan, D (1998) Plasma selenium concentrations in a Sikh population in Sydney, Australia. Analyst 123, 885–887.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dimitrov, N, Meyer, C & Ullrey, D (1984) Selenium is a metabolic modulator of phagocytosis. In Selenium in Biology and Medicine, pp. 254–262 [Combs, GF, Levander, OA, Spallholz, J and Oldfield, JE editors]. New York: NY: AVI Publishing.Google Scholar
Diplock, A (1994) Antioxidants and disease prevention. Molecular Aspects of Medicine 15, 293–376.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Djujic, IS, Jozanov-Stankov, ON, Djermanovic, V, Demajo, M & Bosni, O (2000 a) Availability of essential trace elements and their interactions in blood of humans consuming selenium enriched wheat. In Selenium 2000. pp Venice: 1–5 October 2000 (poster). Accessed online 29 November 2001. www.tiresias.bio.unipd.it/HomeSele/postlist.htm.Google Scholar
Djujic, IS, Jozanov-Stankov, ON, Milovac, M, Jankovic, V & Djermanovic, V (2000) Bioavailability and possible benefits of wheat intake naturally enriched with selenium and its products. Biological Trace Element Research 77, 273–285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duffield-Lillico, AJ, Reid, ME, Turnbull, BW, Combs, GF, Slate, EH, Fischbach, LA, Marshall, JR & Clark, LC (2002) Baseline characteristics and the effect of selenium supplementation on cancer incidence in a randomized clinical trial: a summary report of the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 11, 630–639.Google Scholar
Dylewski, ML, Mastro, AM & Picciano, MF (2002) Maternal selenium nutrition and neonatal immune system development. Biology of the Neonate 82, 122–127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
El-Bayoumy, K (1991) The role of selenium in cancer prevention. In Practice of Oncology, 4th ed., pp. 1–15 [deVita, VT, Hellman, S and Rosenberg, SS editors]. Philadelphia: PA: Lippincott.Google Scholar
Epstein, E (1972) Mineral Nutrition of Plants: Principles and Perspectives. New York: NY: Wiley.Google Scholar
Eurola, M, Efholm, P, Ylinen, M, Koivistoinen, P & Varo, P (1990) Effects of selenium fertilization on the selenium content of cereal grains, flour, and bread produced in Finland. Cereal Chemistry 67, 334–337.Google Scholar
Eurola, M & Hietaniemi, V (editors) (2000) Report of the Selenium Monitoring Programme 1997–1999. Publications of Agricultural Research Centre of Finland, series B24. Jokioinen, Finland: Agricultural Research Centre of Finland.Google Scholar
Fardy, JJ, McOrist, GD & Farrar, YJ (1989) The determination of selenium status in the Australian diet using neutron activation analysis. Journal of Radioanalysis and Nuclear Chemistry 133, 397–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finley, JW (1999) The retention and distribution by healthy young men of stable isotopes of selenium consumed as selenite, selenate or hydroponically-grown broccoli are dependent on the isotopic form. Journal of Nutrition 129, 865–871.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finley, JW & Davis, CD (2001) Selenium from high-selenium broccoli is utilized differently than selenite, selenate and selenomethionine, but is more effective in inhibiting colon carcinogenesis. Biofactors 14, 191–196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frost, DV (1981) Selenium and vitamin E as antidotes to heavy metal toxicities. In Selenium in Biology and Medicine [Spallholz, JE, Martin, JL and Ganther, HE editors]. Westport, CT: AVI Publishing.Google Scholar
Frost, DV (1987) Why the level of selenium in the food chain appears to be decreasing. In Selenium in Biology and Medicine, part A, pp. 534–547 [Combs, GF, Levander, OA and Spallholz, JE editors]. New York, NY: AVI Van Nostrand.Google Scholar
Gibson, RS (1994) Zinc nutrition and public health in developing countries. Nutrition Research Reviews 7, 151–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giovannucci, E (1998) Selenium and the risk of prostate cancer. Lancet 352, 755–756.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gissel-Nielsen, G (1998) Effects of selenium supplementation of field crops. In Environmental Chemistry of Selenium, pp. 99–112 [Frankenberger, WT and Engberg, RA editors]. New York, NY: Dekker.Google Scholar
Godwin, KO (1975) The role and the metabolism of selenium in the animal. In Trace Elements in Soil-Plant-Animal Systems, pp. 259–270 [Nicholas, DJD and Egan, AR editors]. New York, NY: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golubkina, NA & Alfthan, GV (1999) The human selenium status in 27 regions of Russia. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 13, 15–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graham, RD (1984) Breeding for nutritional characteristics in cereals. Advances in Plant Nutrition 1, 57–102.Google Scholar
Graham, RD (1991) Breeding wheats for tolerance to micronutrient deficient soil: present status and priorities. In Wheat for the Nontraditional Warm Areas [Saunders, DA editor]. Mexico City, Mexico: CIMMYT.Google Scholar
Graham, RD, Senadhira, D, Beebe, SE, Iglesias, C & Ortiz-Monasterio, I (1999) Breeding for micronutrient density in edible portions of staple food crops: conventional approaches. Field Crops Research 60, 57–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, RD, Senadhira, D & Ortiz-Monasterio, I (1997) A strategy for breeding staple-food crops with high micronutrient density. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 43, 1153–1157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, RD & Welch, RM (1996) Breeding for staple food crops with high micronutrient density. In Agricultural Strategies for Micronutrients – Working Paper 3. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.Google Scholar
Graham, RD, Welch, RM & Bouis, HE (2001) Addressing micronutrient malnutrition through enhancing the nutritional quality of staple foods: principles, perspectives and knowledge gaps. Advances in Agronomy 70, 77–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grela, ER (1996) Nutrient composition and content of antinutritional factors in spelt (T. Spelta L) cultivars. Journal of Science in Food and Agriculture 71, 399–404.3.0.CO;2-Q>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, UC & Gupta, SC (2000) Selenium in soils and crops, its deficiencies in livestock and humans: implications for management. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 31, 1791–1807.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, UC & Watkinson, JH (1985) Agricultural significance of selenium. Outlook in Agriculture 14, 183–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, UC & Winter, KA (1975) Selenium content of soils and crops and the effects of lime and sulfur on plant selenium. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 55, 161–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, UC, Winter, KA & Sanderson, JB (1993) Selenium content of barley as influenced by selenite- and selenate-enriched fertilizers. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 24, 1165–1170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hakkarainen, J (1993) Bioavailability of selenium. Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Science 11, 21–35.Google Scholar
Harrison, P, Lanfear, J & Wu, L (1997) Chemopreventive and growth inhibitory effects of selenium. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 10, 235–245.Google ScholarPubMed
Hawkes, WC & Turek, PJ (2001) Effects of dietary selenium on sperm motility in healthy men. Journal of Andrology 22, 764–772.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holden, JM, Gebhardt, S, Davis, CS & Lurie, DG (1991) A nationwide study of the selenium contents and variability in white bread. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 4, 183–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
House, WA (1999) Trace element bioavailability as exemplified by iron and zinc. Field Crops Research 60, 115–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ip, C (1998) Lessons from basic research in selenium and cancer prevention. Journal of Nutrition 128, 1845–1854.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ip, C, Hayes, C, Budnick, R & Ganther, H (1991) Chemical form of selenium, critical metabolites, and cancer prevention. Cancer Research 51, 595–600.Google ScholarPubMed
Ip, C & Lisk, D (1994) Characterisation of tissue selenium profiles and anticarcinogenic responses in rats fed natural sources of selenium-rich products. Carcinogenesis 15, 573–576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaakkola, K, Tummavuori, J, Pirinen, A, Kurkela, P, Tolonen, M & Arstila, AU (1983) Selenium levels in whole blood of Finnish volunteers before and during organic and inorganic selenium supplementation. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigations 43, 473–476.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jahnova, E, Horvathova, M, Gazdik, F & Weissova, S (2002) Effects of selenium supplementation on expression of adhesion molecules in corticoid-dependent asthmatics. Bratislavske Lekarske Listy 103, 12–16.Google ScholarPubMed
Jeong, D, Kim, TS, Chung, YW, Lee, BJ & Kim, IY (2002) Selenoprotein W is a glutathione-dependent antioxidant in vivo. Federation of European Biochemical Societies Letters 517, 225–228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jiang, C, Jiang, W, Ip, C, Ganther, H & Lu, J (1999) Selenium-induced inhibition of angiogenesis in mammary cancer at chemopreventive levels of intake. Molecular Carcinogenesis 26, 213–225.3.0.CO;2-Z>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Judson, GJ, Mattschoss, KH & Thomas, DW (1978) Selenium in whole blood of Adelaide residents. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia 3, 105.Google Scholar
Judson, GJ & Reuter, DJ (1999) Selenium. In Soil Analysis: An Interpretation Manual, pp. 325–329 [Peverill, KI, Sparrow, LA and Reuter, DJ editors]. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO Publishing.Google Scholar
Judson, GJ, Thomas, DW & Mattschoss, KH (1982) Blood selenium levels of Kangaroo Island residents. Medical Journal of Australia 2, 217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kauf, E, Dawczynski, H, Jahreis, G, Janitsky, E & Winnefeld, K (1994) Sodium selenite therapy and thyroid-hormone status in cystic fibrosis and congenital hypothyroidism. Biological Trace Element Research 40, 247–253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kiremidjian-Schumacher, L, Roy, M, Wishe, HI, Cohen, MW & Stotzky, G (1994) Supplementation with selenium and human immune cell functions. Biological Trace Element Research 41, 115–127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kohrle, J (1999) The trace element selenium and the thyroid gland. Biochimie 81, 527–533.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Korotkov, KV, Novoselov, SV, Hatfield, DL & Gladyshev, VN (2002) Mammalian selenoprotein in which selenocysteine (Sec) incorporation is supported by a new form of Sec insertion sequence element. Molecular Cell Biology 22, 1402–1411.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kowluru, RA, Tang, J & Kern, TS (2001) Abnormalities of retinal metabolism in diabetes and experimental galactosemia. 7. Effect of long-term administration of antioxidants on the development of retinopathy. Diabetes 50, 1938–1942.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kurihara, M, Kumagai, K, Nakae, Y, Nishino, I & Nonaka, I (2000) Two sibling patients with non-Fukuyama type congenital muscular dystrophy with low serum selenium levels – therapeutic effects of oral selenium supplementation. No To Hattatsu 32, 346–351.Google Scholar
Kurz, B, Jost, B & Schunke, M (2002) Dietary vitamins and selenium diminish the development of mechanically induced osteoarthritis and increase the expression of antioxidative enzymes in the knee joint of STR/1N mice. Osteoarthritis-Cartilage 10, 119–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lag, J & Steinnes, E (1978) Regional distribution of selenium and arsenic in humus layers of Norwegian forest soils. Geoderma 20, 3–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laws, JE, Latshan, JD & Biggert, M (1986) Relative biological values of selenium. Feed experiment with chickens. Nutrition Reports International 33, 13–24.Google Scholar
Levander, OA & Beck, MA (1999) Selenium and viral virulence. British Medical Bulletin 55, 528–533.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levander, OA & Burk, RF (1990) Selenium. In Present Knowledge of Nutrition, 6th ed., pp. 268–273 [Brown, ML editor]. Washington, DC: Nutrition Foundation.Google Scholar
Lindstrom, K (1983) Selenium as a growth factor for plankton algae in laboratory experiments and in some Swedish lakes. Hydrobiologia 101, 35–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, BS & Li, SS (1987) Primary study of relationship between endemic selenosis and fluorosis. In Selenium in Biology and Medicine, vol. B, pp. 708–711 [Combs, GF, Spallholz, JE, Levander, OA and Oldfield, JE editors]. Westport, CT: AVI Publishing.Google Scholar
Liu, Y, Chiba, M, Inaba, Y & Kondo, M (2002) Keshan disease: a review from the aspect of history and etiology. Japanese Journal of Hygiene 56, 641–648.Google ScholarPubMed
Look, MP, Rockstroh, JK, Rao, GS, Kreuzer, KA, Spengler, U & Sauerbruch, T (1997) Serum selenium versus lymphocyte subsets and markers of disease progression and inflammatory response in human immunodeficiency virus-infection. Biological Trace Element Research 56, 31–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lu, J (2000) Apoptosis and angiogenesis in cancer prevention by selenium. In Nutrition and Cancer Prevention. pp. 131–145 [Kluwer Academic, AICR editor]. New York, NY: Plenum Publishers.Google Scholar
Lux, O & Naidoo, D (1995) The assessment of biological variation components of copper, zinc and selenium. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 6, 43–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGlashan, ND, Cook, SJ, Melrose, W, Martin, PL, Chelkowska, E & von, Witt RJ (1996) Maternal selenium levels and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 26, 677–682.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McOrist, & Fardy, JJ (1989) Selenium status in the blood using neutron activation analysis. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 134, 65–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maier, KJ, Nelson, CR, Bailey, FC, Klaine, SJ & Knight, AW (1998) Accumulation of selenium by the aquatic biota of a watershed treated with seleniferous fertilizer. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 60, 409–416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meltzer, HM, Norheim, G, Loken, EB & Holm, H (1992) Supplementation with wheat selenium induces a dose-dependent response in serum and urine of a selenium-replete population. British Journal of Nutrition 67, 287–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mihailovic, M, Lindberg, P & Jovanovic, I (1996) Selenium content in feedstuffs in Serbia. Acta Veterinaria Beograd 46, 343–348.Google Scholar
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (1997) Dietary Intake of Selenium. Food Surveillance Information Sheet no. 126. London, UK: Joint Food Safety and Standards Group.Google Scholar
Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food (1999) Total Diet Study – Aluminium, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Lead, Mercury, Nickel, Selenium, Tin and Zinc. Food Surveillance Information Sheet no. 191. London, UK: Joint Food Safety and Standards Group.Google Scholar
Moser-Veillon, PB, Mangeb, AR, Patterson, KY & Veillon, C (1992) Utilization of two different chemical forms of Se during lactation using stable isotope tracers: an example of speciation in nutrition. Analyst 117, 559–562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moyad, MA (2002) Selenium and vitamin E supplements for prostate cancer: evidence or embellishment? Urology 59, Suppl. 4A, 9–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mutanen, M, Koivistoinen, P, Morris, VC & Levander, OA (1987) Relative nutritional availability to rats of selenium in Finnish spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) fertilized or sprayed with sodium selenate and in an American winter bread wheat naturally high in Se. British Journal of Nutrition 57, 319–329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neve, J (1991) Physiological and nutritional importance of selenium. Experientia 47, 187–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neve, J (1995) Human selenium supplementation as assessed by changes in blood selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 9, 65–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neve, J (1996) Selenium as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Journal of Cardiovascular Risk 3, 42–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neve, J (1999) Combined selenium and iodine deficiency in Kashin-Beck osteoarthropathy. In STDA Bulletin, pp. 1–3. Grimbergen, Belgium: Selenium-Tellurium Development Association.Google Scholar
Neve, J (2000) New indices for assessment of trace element status and requirement with a special focus on selenium. In Trace Elements in Man and Animals 10: Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals, pp. 317–322 [Roussel, AM, Favier, A and Anderson, RA editors]. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Noble, RM & Barry, GA (1982) Survey of selenium concentrations in wheat, sorghum and soybean grains, prepared poultry feeds and feed ingredients from Queensland. Queensland Journal of Agriculture and Animal Science 39, 1–8.Google Scholar
Norman, BB, Nader, G & Oliver, M (1992) Effects of selenium supplementation in cattle on aquatic ecosystems in California. Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association 201, 869–872.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oldfield, JE (1993) Selenium in fertilizers. In STDA Bulletin (Special issue), pp·1–4. Grimbergen, Belgium: Selenium-Tellurium Development Association.Google Scholar
Oldfield, JE (1999) The case for selenium fertilization: an update. In STDA Bulletin, August. Grimbergen, Belgium: Selenium-Tellurium Development Association.Google Scholar
Olson, OE, Novacek, EJ, Whitehead, EI & Palmer, IC (1970) Investigations on selenium in wheat. Phytochemistry 9, 1181–1188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortiz-Monasterio, I (1998) In CGIAR Micronutrients Project, Update no.3,5. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.Google Scholar
Pearn, J & McCay, CRW (1979) Blood selenium in chronic spinal muscular atrophy. Journal of Neurological Science 42, 199–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peng, A, Wang, WH, Wang, CX, Wang, ZJ, Rui, HF, Wang, WZ & Yang, ZW (1999) The role of humic substances in drinking water in Kaschin-Beck disease in China. Environmental Health Perspectives 107, 293–296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peretz, A, Siderova, V & Neve, J (2001) Selenium supplementation in rheumatoid arthritis investigated in a double blind, placebo-controlled trial. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 30, 208–212.Google Scholar
Piergiovanni, AR, Rizzi, R, Pannacciulli, E & Della Gatta, C (1997) Mineral composition in hulled wheat grains: a comparison between emmer (Triticum dicoccon Schrank) and spelt (T. Spelta L) accessions. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 48, 381–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poirier, KA (1994) Summary of the derivation of the reference dose for selenium. In Risk Assessment of Essential Elements, pp. 157–166 [Mertz, W, Abernathy, CO and Olin, SS editors]. Washington, DC: ILSI Press.Google Scholar
Raghib, MH, Chan, WY & Rennert, OM (1986) Comparative studies of selenium-75 (selenite and selenomethionine) absorption from various milk diets in suckling rats. Journal of Nutrition 116, 1456–1463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rayman, MP (1997) Dietary selenium: time to act. British Medical Journal 314, 387–388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rayman, MP (2000) The importance of selenium to human health. Lancet 356, 233–241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rayman, MP (2002) The argument for increasing selenium intake. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 61, 203–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rayman, MP & Clark, LC (2000) Selenium in cancer prevention. In Trace Elements in Man and Animals – 10: Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals. pp. 575–580 [Roussel, AM, Favier, A and Anderson, RA editors]. New York, NY: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Reilly, C (1996) Selenium in Food and Health, London, UK: Blackie.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reuter, DJ (1975) Selenium in soils and plants: a review in relation to selenium deficiency in South Australia. Agricultural Record 2, 07 issue.Google Scholar
Ripperger, H & Schreiber, K (1982) Nicotianamine and analogous amino acids, endogenous iron carriers in higher plants. Heterocycles 17, 447–461.Google Scholar
Robberecht, HJ & Deelstra, HA (1994) Factors influencing blood selenium concentrations: a literature review. Journal of Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Health and Disease 8, 129–143.Google ScholarPubMed
Schrauzer, GN (1998) Selenium: present and future applications in medicine. In STDA Sixth International Symposium, 10–12 May 1998, Scottsdale, USA. Grimbergen, Belgium: Selenium-Tellurium Development Association.Google Scholar
Schrauzer, GN (2000) Selenomethionine: a review of its nutritional significance, metabolism and toxicity. Journal of Nutrition 130, 1653–1656.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schubert, A, Holden, JM & Wolfe, WR (1987) Selenium content of a core group of foods based on a critical evaluation of published analytical data. Journal of the American Dietetics Association 87, 285–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwarz, K & Foltz, CM (1957) Selenium as an integral part of factor 3 against dietary necrotic liver degeneration. Journal of the American Chemical Society 79, 3292–3293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, R & MacPherson, A (1998) Selenium supplementation in sub-fertile human males. British Journal of Urology 82, 76–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seo, YR, Kelley, MR & Smith, ML (2002) Selenomethionine regulation of p53 by a ref1-dependent redox mechanism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99, 14548–14553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaheen, SO, Sterne, JAC & Thompson, RL (1999) Dietary antioxidants and asthma in adults. European Respiratory Journal 14, Suppl. 30, 141S.Google Scholar
Shand, C, Coutts, G, Duff, E & Atkinson, D (1992) Soil selenium treatments to ameliorate selenium deficiency in herbage. Journal of Science and Food in Agriculture 59, 27–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shor-Posner, G, Miguez, MJ, Pineda, LM, Rodriguez, A, Ruiz, P, Castillo, G, Burbano, X, Lecusay, R & Baum, M (2002) Impact of selenium status on the pathogenesis of mycobacterial disease in HIV-1-infected drug users during the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 29, 169–173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singh, BR (1991) Selenium content of wheat as affected by selenate and selenite contained in a Cl- or SO4 based NPK fertilizer. Fertilizer Research 30, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spallholz, JE, Boylan, LM & Larsen, HS (1990) Advances in understanding selenium's role in the immune system. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 587, 123–139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stewart, RDH, Griffiths, NM, Thomson, CD & Robinson, MF (1987) Quantitative selenium metabolism in normal New Zealand women. British Journal of Nutrition 40, 45–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, EW (1997) Selenium and viral diseases: facts and hypotheses. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine 12, 227–239.Google Scholar
Taylor, EW & Nadimpalli, RG (1999) Chemoprotective mechanisms of selenium in cancer and AIDS: evidence for the involvement of novel selenoprotein genes. Info Onkologi 2, 7–11.Google Scholar
Terry, N, Zayed, AM, de Souza, MP & Tarun, AS (2000) Selenium in higher plants. Annual Reviews of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 51, 401–432.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomson, CD & Robinson, MF (1980) Selenium in human health and disease with emphasis on those aspects peculiar to New Zealand. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 33, 303–323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thorn, J, Robertson, J & Buss, DH (1976) Trace nutrients: selenium in British foods. British Journal of Nutrition 39, 391–396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tinggi, U & Reilly, C (2000) Concentrations of selenium and other major elements (barium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and phosphorus) in Brazil nuts in Brisbane, Queensland. In Selenium 2000, Venice: 1–5 October 2000 (poster). Accessed online 29 November 2001. www.tiresias.bio.unipd.it/HomeSele/postlist.htm.Google Scholar
Underwood, EJ (1977) Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, 4th ed., pp. 303–345. New York, NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar
University of California (1988) Selenium, human health and irrigated agriculture. In Resources at Risk in the San Joaquin Valley. Davis, CA: University of California Agricultural Issues Center.Google Scholar
Van Campen, DR & Glahn, RP (1999) Micronutrient bioavailability techniques: accuracy, problems and limitations. Field Crops Research 60, 93–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Dael, P, Davidsson, L, Ziegler, EE, Fay, LB & Barclay, D (2002) Comparison of selenite and selenate apparent absorption and retention in infants using stable isotope methodology. Pediatric Research 51, 71–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vanderpas, JB, Contempre, B, Duale, N, Goosens, W, Bebe, N, Thorpe, R, Ntambue, K, Dumont, J, Thilly, CH & Diplock, AT (1993) Iodine and selenium deficiency associated with cretinism in northern Zaire. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57, 271S–275S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varo, P, Alfthan, G, Huttunen, J & Aro, A (1994) Nationwide selenium supplementation in Finland – effects on diet, blood and tissue levels, and health. In Selenium in Biology and Human Health, pp. 197–218 [Burk, R, editor]. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vinceti, M, Wei, ET, Malagoli, C, Bergomi, M & Vivoli, G (2001) Adverse health effects of selenium in humans. Reviews on Environmental Health 16, 233–251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vuori, E, Vaariskoski, J & Hartikainen, H (1994) A long-term study of selenate sorption in Finnish cultivated soils. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 48, 91–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watkinson, JH (1981) Changes of blood selenium in New Zealand adults with time and importation of Australian wheat. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 34, 936–942.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wei, A (1996) Soybean sprout. Zhengzhou Liangshi Xueyuan Xuebao 17, 67–70.Google Scholar
Welch, RM & Graham, RD (1999) A new paradigm for world agriculture: meeting human needs. Productive, sustainable, nutritious. Field Crops Research 60, 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whanger, PD (1992) Selenium in the treatment of heavy metal poisoning and chemical carcinogenesis. Journal of Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Health and Disease 6, 209–221.Google ScholarPubMed
Whanger, PD (2001) Selenium and the brain: a review. Nutritional Neuroscience 4, 81–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whanger, PD, Vendeland, S, Park, Y-C & Xia, Y (1996) Metabolism of sub-toxic levels of selenium in animals and humans. Annals of Clinical Laboratory Science 26, 99–113.Google Scholar
Whelan, BR & Barrow, NJ (1994) Slow-release selenium fertilizers to correct selenium deficiency in grazing sheep in Western Australia. Fertilizer Research 38, 183–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, CL, Robson, AD & Fisher, HM (1981) Variation in nitrogen, sulphur, selenium, cobalt, manganese, copper and zinc contents of grain from wheat and two lupin species grown in a range of Mediterranean environment. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 32, 47–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization (1999) Malnutrition Worldwide. Accessed online 15 June 2000. www.who.int/nut/malnutritionworldwide.htm Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Xiong, Y, Mo, D, Bi, H, Li, S, Guo, X, Yu, Z, Luo, Y, Feng, J, Zhang, L & Yang, J (1998) Effect of selenium on lesion of articular cartilage fed on T-2 toxin in Chinese mini-pigs with experimental Kaschin-Beck disease. Xi'an Yike Daxue Xuebao 19, 523–525.Google Scholar
Yang, FY, Lin, ZH, Xing, JR, Li, SG, Yang, J, San, S & Wu, L (1994) Selenium deficiency is a necessary but not sufficient factor required for the pathogenesis of Keshan disease. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 16, 101–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, GQ & Zhou, RH (1994) Further studies on human maximum safe dietary selenium intake and a discussion on some related problems. Journal of Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Health and Disease 8, 159–165.Google Scholar
Ylaranta, T (1983) Effect of added selenite and selenate on the selenium content of Italian rye grass (Lolium multiflorum) in different soils. Annales Agriculturae Fenniae 22, 139–151.Google Scholar
Ylaranta, T (1983) Effect of applied selenite and selenate on the selenium content of barley (Hordeum vulgare). Annales Agriculturae Fenniae 22, 164–174.Google Scholar
Ylaranta, T (1984) Raising the selenium content of spring wheat and barley using selenite and selenate. Annales Agriculturae Fenniae 23, 75–84.Google Scholar
Yoshida, M & Yasumoto, K (1987) Selenium contents of rice grown at various sites in Japan. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 1, 71–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoshizawa, K, Willett, WC, Morris, SJ, Stampfer, MJ, Spiegelman, D, Rimm, EB & Giovannucci, E (1998) Study of prediagnostic selenium level in toenails and the risk of advanced prostate cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 90, 1219–1224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yu, MW, Horng, IS, Chiang, YC, Liaw, YF & Chen, CJ (1999) Plasma selenium levels and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among men with chronic hepatitis virus infection. American Journal of Epidemiology 150, 367–374.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yu, SY, Zhu, YJ & Li, WG (1997) Protective role of selenium against hepatitis b virus and primary liver cancer in Qidong. Biological Trace Element Research 56, 117–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, F, Yu, W, Hargrove, JL, Greenspan, P, Dean, RG, Taylor, EW & Hartle, DK (2002) Inhibition of TNF-alpha induced ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin expression by selenium. Atherosclerosis 161, 381–386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhao, L, Cox, AG, Ruzicka, JA, Bhat, AA, Zang, W & Taylor, EW (2000) Molecular modelling and in vitro activity of an HIV-1 encoded glutathione peroxidase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97, 6356–6361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed