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MATER MATUTA, ‘FERTILITY CULTS’ AND THE INTEGRATION OF WOMEN IN RELIGIOUS LIFE IN ITALY IN THE FOURTH TO FIRST CENTURIES BC

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 February 2019

Maureen Carroll
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Abstract

This study explores social and gendered aspects of female fertility in popular religious practices in Italy in the last four centuries BC, and it investigates the role of supplication and votive dedications in promoting maternal health and family continuity. It tackles modern assumptions which have strongly aligned the religious activities of women in Republican Italy with their generative interests and specific ‘fertility cults’ or ‘women's goddesses’. Divinities associated with fertility are explored here, with particular emphasis on Mater Matuta who is often defined in modern research as a ‘mother goddess’. The study shows that cults purely concerned with fertility are unlikely to have existed. Fertility was only one of several fundamental personal concerns brought by women and men to the generalist and polyvalent deities of Republican Italy. Items associated with fertility, such as terracotta wombs, male and female genitals, and swaddled infants, always occur together with other anatomical ex-votos across a wide range of sites and were dedicated to many deities. Considering the archaeological and textual evidence, Mater Matuta can be shown to have occupied a more flexible and encompassing space in the pantheon, and her involvement in marriage, motherhood and childbearing was part of a wider repertoire of responsibilities. The study also focuses attention on a distinctive, but largely overlooked, votive assemblage from Capua which includes numerous tufa statues of women and babies. The paper proposes that they should be understood as votive objects offered to an unknown deity by Capuan women as thanks for support in the generative enterprise, personally and more broadly in the context of the city's religious and civic identity.

Il presente studio esplora aspetti sociali e di genere relativi alla sfera della fertilità femminile nelle pratiche della religiosità popolare in Italia negli ultimi quattro secoli precedenti la nascita di Cristo e indaga inoltre il ruolo della supplica e delle dediche votive nel sostenere la salute materna e la continuità familiare. Si confronta inoltre con l'assunto moderno che ha fortemente identificato le attività religiose femminili nell'Italia repubblicana con l'aspetto generativo e con specifici culti legati alla fertilità o con divinità pertinenti alle donne. Vengono pertanto esplorate nel presente contributo divinità associate alla fertilità, con particolare riguardo a Mater Matuta che è spesso definita nella ricerca moderna come ‘dea madre’. Lo studio dimostra che è improbabile che siano esistiti culti legati alla sola sfera della fertilità. La fertilità era solo una delle numerose preoccupazioni personali presentate da donne e uomini a divinità ‘generaliste’ e polivalenti dell'Italia repubblicana. Infatti oggetti associati con la fertilità, come ad esempio gli uteri in terracotta, i genitali maschili e femminili, e i bambini in fasce, sono sempre associati con altri ex-voto anatomici in un'ampia gamma di siti ed erano dedicati a molte divinità. Considerando l'evidenza archeologica e testuale, è dunque plausibile ipotizzare che Mater Matuta abbia occupato uno spazio più flessibile e articolato nel pantheon e che il suo coinvolgimento nel matrimonio, nella maternità e nella gravidanza fosse parte di un più ampio repertorio di pertinenze. Lo studio focalizza l'attenzione anche su un caratteristico insieme di testimonianze votive da Capua, caratteristico, ma per lo più trascurato, che comprende numerose statue in tufo di donne e bambini. L'articolo propone di interpretarle come oggetti votivi offerti ad una divinità per noi sconosciuta da donne di Capua come ringraziamento per l'aiuto ricevuto nell'impresa generativa, personalmente e più in generale nel contesto dell'identità religiosa e civica della città.

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Papers of the British School at Rome , Volume 87 , October 2019 , pp. 1 - 45
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Copyright © British School at Rome 2019 

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References

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