Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T02:49:31.248Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Immunological control of ticks and tick-borne parasitic diseases of livestock

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2009

W. I. Morrison
W. I. Morrison
Affiliation:
International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Parasitic diseases inflict major losses on livestock production throughout the world. Currently, control of the diseases relies largely on prophylactic or therapeutic application of anti-parasitic drugs. In many instances, these measures are only partially effective. Moreover, they must be applied frequently, are therefore costly and time-consuming, and lead to the selection of drug resistance within the parasite populations. Thus, it has been recognized for several decades that effective methods of vaccination against parasitic diseases would have a major impact on livestock production. However, despite considerable efforts over the last 30 years, only a few parasite vaccines are currently in use and all of these involve the administration of live organisms.

Keywords

tick-borne parasitic diseaseslivestockimmunizationvaccines
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 98 , supplement S1: Symposia of the British Society for Parasitology Volume 26:Vaccines and vaccination strategies , January 1989 , pp. S69 - S86
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1989

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Agbede, R. I. S. & Kemp, D. H. (1986). Immunization of cattle against Boophilus microplus using extracts derived from adult female ticks: histopathology of ticks feeding on vaccinated cattle. International Journal for Parasitology 16, 35–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allen, J. R. & Humphreys, S. J. (1979). Immunization of guinea-pigs and cattle against ticks. Nature, London 280, 491–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baldwin, C. L., Black, S. J., Brown, W. C., Conrad, P. A., Goddeeris, B. M., Kinuthia, S. W., Lalor, P. A., Machugh, N. D., Morrison, W. I., Morzaria, S. P., Naessens, J. & Newson, J. (1988). Bovine T cells, B cells, and null cells are transformed by the protozoan parasite Theileria parva. Infection and Immunity 56, 462–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldwin, C. L., Goddeeris, B. M. & Morrison, W. I. (1987). Bovine helper T-cell clones specific for lymphocytes infected with Theileria para (Muguga). Parasite Immunology 9, 499–513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bastin, J., Rothbard, J., Davey, J., Jones, I. & Townsend, A. (1987). Use of synthetic peptides of influenza nucleoprotein to define epitopes recognised by class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Journal of Experimental Medicine 165, 1508–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bennett, G. F. (1969). Boophilus microplus (Acarina: Ixodidae): experimental infestations in cattle restrained from grooming. Experimental Parasitology 216, 323–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bjorkman, P. J., Saper, M. A., Samroui, B., Bennett, W. S., Strominger, J. L. & Wiley, D. c. (1987). The foreign antigen site and T cell recognition regions of class I histocompatibility antigens. Nature, London 329, 512–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brossard, M. (1976). Relations immunologiques entre bovins et tiques plus particulièrement entre bovins et Boophilus microplus. Acta Tropica 33, 15–36.Google ScholarPubMed
Brown, C. G. D. (1981). Application of in vitro techniques to vaccination against theileriosis. In Advances in the Control of Theileriosis (ed. Irvin, A. D., Cunningham, M. P. and Young, A. S.), pp. 104–19. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, C. G. D. (1983). Theileria. In In vitro Culture of Protozoan Parasites (ed. Jensen, B. B.), pp. 243–284. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Burridge, M. J. & Kimber, C. D. (1972). The indirect fluorescent antibody test for experimental East Coast fever (Theileria parva infection of cattle). Evaluation of a cell culture schizont antigen. Research in Veterinary Science 13, 451–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Callow, L. L. (1977). Vaccination against bovine babesiosis. In Immunity to Blood Parasites of Animals and Man (ed. Miller, L. H., Pino, J. A. and McKelvey, J. J.), pp. 121–49. New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callow, L. L. & Tammemagi, L. (1967). Vaccination against bovine babesiosis. Infectivity and virulence of blood from animals either recovered from or reacting to Babesia argentina. Australian Veterinary Journal 43, 249–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, I. A., Cox, F. E. G. & Allison, A. C. (1977). Protection of mice against Babesia spp. and Plasmodium spp. with killed Corynebacterium parvum. Parasitology 74, 9–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clegg, J. A. & Smith, M. A. (1978). Prospects for development of dead vaccines against helminths. Advances in Parasitology 16, 165–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conrad, P. A., Iams, K., Brown, W. C., Sohanpal, B. & Ole Moi Yol, O. K. (1987). DNA probes detect genomic diversity in Theileria Parva Stocks. Molecular And Biochemical Parasitology 25, 213–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cowman, A. F., Bernard, O., Stewart, N. & Kemp, D. J. (1984). Genes of the protozoan parasite Babesia bovis that rearrange to produce RNA species with different sequences. Cell 37, 653–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cowman, A. F., Timms, P. & Kemp, D. J. (1984). DNA polymorphisms and subpopulations in Babesia bovis. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 11, 91–103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Creemers, P. (1982). Lack of reactivity of sera from Theileria parva-infected and recovered cattle against cell membrane antigens of Theileria parva transformed cell lines. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 3, 427–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cunningham, M. P., Brown, C. G. D., Burridge, M. J., Irvin, A. D., Kirimi, I. M., Purnell, R. E., Radley, D. E. & Wagner, G. G. (1974). Theileriosis: the exposure of immunised cattle in a Theileria lawrencei enzootic area. Tropical Animal Health and Production 6, 39–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cunningham, M. P., Brown, C. G. D., Burridge, M. J. & Purnell, R. E. (1973). Cryopreservation of infective particles of Theileria parva. International Journal for Parasitology 3, 583–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Curnow, J. A. (1968). In vitro agglutination of bovine erythrocytes infected with Babesia argentina. Nature, London 217, 267–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Curnow, J. A. (1973). Studies of antigenic changes and strain differences in Babesia argentina infections. Australian Veterinary Journal 49, 279–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Vos, A. J., Dalgliesh, R. J. & Callow, L. L. (1987). Babesia. In Immune Responses in Parasitic Infections: Immunology, Immunopathology and Immunoprophylaxis (ed. Soulsby, E. J. L.), pp. 183–222. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Dobbelaere, D. A. E., Shapiro, S. Z. & Webster, P. (1985). Identification of a surface antigen on Theileria parva sporozoites by monoclonal antibody. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 82, 1771–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dobbelaere, D. A. E., Spooner, P. R., Barry, W. C. & Irvin, A. D. (1984). Monoclonal antibody neutralizes the sporozoite stage of different Theileria parva stocks. Parasite Immunology 6, 361–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dolan, T. T. (1986). Chemotherapy of East Coast fever: the long-term weight changes, carrier state and disease manifestations of parvaquone-treated cattle. Journal of Comparative Pathology 96, 138–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emery, D. L. (1981). Adoptive transfer of immunity to infection with Theileria parva (East Coast fever) between cattle twins. Research in Veterinary Science 30, 364–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emery, D. L., Machugh, N. D. & Morrison, W. I. (1988). Theileria parva (Muguga) infects bovine T-lymphocytes in vivo and induces coexpression of BoT4 and BoT8. Parasite Immunology 10, 379–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emery, D. L., Morrison, W. I., Nelson, R. T. & Murray, M. (1981). The induction of cell-mediated immunity in cattle inoculated with cell lines parasitised with Theileria parva. In Advances in the Control of Theileriosis (ed. Irvin, A. D., Cunningham, M. P. and Young, A. S.), pp 295–301. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erp, E. E., Smith, R. D., Ristic, M. & Osorno, M. B. (1980). Optimization of the suspension culture method for in vitro cultivation of Babesia bovis. American Journal of Veterinary Research 41, 2059–62.Google ScholarPubMed
Eugui, E. M. & Emery, D. L. (1981). Genetically restricted cell-mediated cytotoxicity in cattle immune to Theileria parva. Nature, London 290, 251–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gill, A. C., Cowman, A. F., Stewart, N. P., Kemp, D. J. & Timms, P. (1987 a). Babesia bovis: molecular and biological characteristics of cloned parasite lines. Experimental Parasitology 63, 180–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gill, A., Timms, P. & Kemp, D. J. (1987 b). cDNA clone encoding a high molecular weight antigen of Babesia bovis. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 22, 195–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goddeeris, B. M. & Morrison, W. I. (1987). The bovine autologous Theileria mixed leukocyte reaction: influence of monocytes and phenotype of the parasitized stimulator cell on proliferation and parasite specificity. Immunology 60, 63–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Goddeeris, B. M., Morrison, W. I. & Teale, A. J. (1986 a). Generation of bovine cytotoxic cell lines, specific for cells infected with the protozoan parasite Theileria parva and restricted by products of the major histocompatibility complex. European Journal of Immunology 16, 1243–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goddeeris, B. M., Morrison, W. I., Teale, A. J., Bensaid, A. & Baldwin, C. L. (1986 b). Bovine cytotoxic T-cells specific for cells infected with the protozoan parasite Theileria parva: parasite strain specificity and class I major histocompatibility complex restriction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 83, 5238–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodger, B. V. (1973). Babesia aergentina: intraerythrocytic localisation of babesial antigen extracted from parasite suspensions. International Journal for Parasitology 3, 387–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodger, B. V., Wright, I. G., Mahoney, D. F. & McKenna, R. V. (1980). Babesia bovis (Argentina): studies on the composition and location of antigen associated with infected erythrocytes. International Journal for Parasitology 10, 33–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hewetson, R. W. (1971). Resistance by cattle to cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. III. The development of resistance to experimental infestations by purebred Sahiwal and Australian Illawarra Shorthorn cattle. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 22, 331–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hewetson, R. W. & Nolan, J., (1968). Resistance of cattle to cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. I. The development of resistance to experimental infestation. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 19, 323–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howard, R. J., Rodwell, B. J., Smith, P. A., Callow, L. L. & Mitchell, G. F. (1980). Comparison of the surface proteins and glycoproteins on erythrocytes of calves before and during infection with Babesia bovis. Journal of Protozoology 27, 241–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hulliger, L., Wilde, J. K. H., Brown, C. G. D. & Turner, L. (1964). Mode of multiplication of Theileria in cultures of bovine lymphocytic cells. Nature, London 203, 728–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Irvin, A. D. (1985). Immunization against Theileriosis in Africa. Nairobi: International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases.Google Scholar
Irvin, A. D., Dobbelaere, D. A. E., Mwamachi, D. M., Minami, T., Spooner, P. R. & Ocama, J. G. R. (1983). Immunisation against East Coast fever: correlation between monoclonal antibody profiles of Theileria parva stocks and cross immunity in vivo. Research in Veterinary Science 35, 341–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Irvin, A. D. & Morrison, w. I. (1987). Immunopathology, immunology and immunoprophylaxis of Theileria infections. In Immune Responses in Parasitic Infections: Immunology, Immunopathology and Immunoprophylaxis (ed. Soulsby, E. J. L.), pp. 223–74. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Jarrett, W. F. H., Jennings, F. W., McIntyre, W. I. M., Mulligan, W. & Urquhart, G. M. (1960). Immunological studies on Dictyocaulus viviparus infection. Immunity produced by the administration of irradiated larvae. Immunology 3, 145–51.Google ScholarPubMed
Johnston, L. A. Y., Kemp, D. H. & Pearson, R. D. (1986). Immunization of cattle against Boophilus microplus using extracts derived from adult female ticks: effects of induced immunity on tick populations. International Journal for Parasitology 16, 27–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnston, L. A. Y. & Sinclair, D. F. (1980). Differences In Response To Experimental Primary Infection With Babesia Bovis In Hereford, Droughtmaster And Brahman Cattle. In Ticks And Tick-Borne Diseases (ed. Johnston, L. A. Y. and Cooper, M. G.), pp. 18–23. Sydney, Australia: Australian Veterinary Association.Google Scholar
Johnston, L. A. Y. & Tammemagi, L. (1969). Bovine babesiosis: duration of latent infection and immunity to Babesia argentina. Australian Veterinary Journal 45, 445–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kahl, L. P., Anders, R. F., Rodwell, B. J., Timms, P. & Mitchell, G. F. (1982). Variable and common antigens of Babesia bovis parasites differing in strain and virulence. Journal of Immunology 129, 1700–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kahl, L. P., Mitchell, G. F., Dalgliesh, R. J., Stewart, N. P., Rodwell, B. J., Melors, L. T., Timms, P. & Callow, L. L. (1983). Babesia bovis: Proteins of virulent and avirulent parasites passaged through ticks and splenectomized or intact calves. Experimental Parasitology 56, 222–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kemp, D. H., Agbede, R. I. S., Johnston, L. A. Y. & Gough, J. M. (1986). Immunization of cattle against Boophilus microplus using extracts derived from adult female ticks: feeding and survival of the parasite on vaccinated cattle. International Journal for Parasitology 16, 115–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kemp, D. H., Koudstaal, D., Roberts, J. A. & Kerr, J. D. (1976). Boophilus microplus: the effect of host resistance on larval attachment and growth. Parasitology 73, 123–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koudstaal, D., Kemp, D. H. & Kerr, J. D. (1978). Boophilus microplus: rejection of larvae from British breed cattle. Parasitology 76, 379–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuttler, K. L., Levy, M. G. & Ristic, M. (1983). Cell culture-derived Babesia bovis vaccine: sequential challenge exposure of protective immunity during a 6-month postvaccination period. American Journal of Veterinary Research 44, 1456–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Levy, M. G. & Ristic, M. (1980). Babesia bovis: continuous cultivation in a microaerophilous stationary phase culture. Science 207, 1218–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lohr, K. F. & Ross, J. P. J. (1969). Serological response in cattle to East Coast fever (Theileria parva) infection as measured by the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Research in Veterinary Science 10, 453–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mahoney, D. F. (1986). Studies on the protection of cattle against Babesia bovis infection. In The Ruminant Immune System in Health and Disease (ed. Morrison, W. I.), pp. 539–54. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mahoney, D. F. & Goodger, B. V. (1972). Babesia argentina: immunization of cattle with killed antigen animals. Experimental Parasitology 32, 71–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahoney, D. F., Kerr, J. D., Goodger, B. V. & Wright, I. G. (1979). The immune response of cattle to Babesia bovis (Syn. B. Argentina). Studies on the nature and specificity of protection. International Journal for Parasitology 9, 297–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahoney, D. F. & Wright, I. G. (1976). Babesia argentina: immunization of cattle with killed antigen against infection with a heterologous strain. Veterinary Parasitology 2, 273–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahoney, D. F., Wright, I. G. & Goodger, B. V. (1981). Bovine babesiosis: the immunization of cattle with fractions of erythrocytes infected with Babesia bovis (Syn. B. Argentina). Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 2, 145–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mahoney, D. F., Wright, I. G. & Ketterer, P. J. (1973). Babesia argentina: the infectivity and immunogenicity -of irradiated blood parasites for splenectomised calves. International Journal for Parasitotogy 3, 209–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahoney, D. F., Wright, I. G. & Mirre, G. B. (1973). Bovine babesiosis: the persistence of immunity to Babesia argentina and Babesia bigemina in calves (Bos taurus) after naturally acquired infection. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 67, 197–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, H. R. P. (1986). Mucosal mast cells, basophils, immediate hypersensitivity reactions and protection against gastrointestinal nematodes. In The Ruminant Immune System in Health and Disease (ed. Morrison, W. I.), pp. 496–524. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Montenegro-James, S., James, M. A. & Ristic, M. (1983). Localization of culture-derived soluble Babesia bovis antigens in the infected erythrocytes. Veterinary Parasitology 13, 311–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montenegro-James, S., Ristic, M., Benitez, M. T., Leon, L. & Lopez, R. (1985). Heterologous strain immunity in bovine babesiosis using a culture-derived soluble Babesia bovis immunogen. Veterinary Parasitology 18, 321–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morrison, L. A., Lukacher, A. E., Braciale, V. L., Fan, D. P. & Braciale, T. J. (1986). Differences in antigen presentation to MHC class I-. and class 11-restricted influenza virus-specific cytolytic T lymphocyte clones. Journal of Experimental Medicine 163, 903–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrison, W. I., Goddeeris, B. M., Teale, A. J., Baldwin, C. L., Bensaid, A. & Ellis, J. (1986 a). Cell-mediated immune responses of cattle to Theileria parva. Immunology Today 7, 211–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morrison, W. I., Goddeeris, B. M., Teale, A. J., Groocock, C. M., Kemp, S. J. & Stagg, D. A. (1987). Cytotoxic T-cells elicited in cattle challenged with Theileria parva (Muguga): evidence for restriction by class I MHC determinants and parasite strain specificity. Parasite Immunology 9, 563–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morrison, W. I., Lalor, P. A., Goddeeris, B. M. & Teale, A. J. (1986). Theileriosis: antigens and host-parasite interactions. In Parasite Antigens: Towards New Strategies for Vaccines (ed. Pearson, T. W.), pp. 167–213. New York: Marcel Dekker.Google Scholar
Morzaria, S. P., Irvin, A. D., Taracha, E., Spooner, P. R., Voigt, W. P., Fujinaga, T. & Katende, J. (1987). Immunization against East Coast fever: the use of selected stocks of Theileria parva for immunization of cattle exposed to field challenge. Veterinary Parasitology 23, 23–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muhammed, S. I., Lauerman, L. H. & Johnson, L. W. (1975). Effect of humoral antibodies on the course of Theileria parva infection (East Coast Fever) of cattle. American Journal of Veterinary Research 36, 399–402.Google ScholarPubMed
Murray, M., Robinson, P. B., Grierson, C. & Crawford, R. A. (1979). Immunisation against Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in the rat. A study in the use of antigen extracted from adult parasites and the parameters which influence the level of protection. Acta Tropica 36, 297–322.Google Scholar
Musoke, A. J., Nantulya, V. M., Buscher, G., Masake, R. A. & Otim, B. (1982). Bovine immune response to Theileria parva: neutralizing antibodies to sporozoites. Immunology 45, 663–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Musoke, A. J., Nantulya, V. M., Rurangirwa, F. R. & Buscher, G. (1984). Evidence for a common protective antigenic determinant on sporozoites of several Theileria parva strains. Immunology 52, 231–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Neitz, W. O. (1953). Aureomycin in Theileria parva infection. Nature, London 171, 34–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newson, J., Naessens, J., Stagg, D. A. & Black, S. J. (1986). A cell surface antigen associated with Theileria parva lawrencei-infected bovine lymphoid cells. Parasite Immunology 8, 149–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Opdebeeck, J. P., Wong, J. Y. M., Jackson, L. A. & Dobson, C. (1988 a). Vaccines To Protect Hereford Cattle Against The Cattle Tick, Boophilus Microplus. Immunology 63, 363–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Opdebeeck, J. P., Wong, J. Y. M., Jackson, L. A. & Dobson, C. (1988 b). Hereford cattle immunised and protected against Boophilus microplus with soluble and membrane-associated antigens from the midgut of ticks. Parasite Immunology 10, 405–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'sullivan, P. J. & Callow, L. L. (1966). Loss of infectivity of a vaccine strain of Babesia argentina for Boophilus microplus. Australian Veterinary Journal 42, 252–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pipano, E. (1981). Schizonts and tick stages in immunisation against Theileria annulata infection. In Advances in the Control of Theileriosis (ed. Irvin, A. D., Cunningham, M. P. and Young, A. S.), pp. 242–52. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pound, C. J. (1897). Notes on the inoculation of bulls as a preventive against tick fever at Rothdowney and Rosedale. Queensland Agricultural Journal 1, 473–7.Google Scholar
Radley, D. E., Brown, C. G. D., Burridge, M. J., Cunningham, M. P., Kirimi, I. M., Purnell, R. E. & Young, A. s. (1975). East Coast fever. 1. Chemoprophylactic immunization of cattle against Theileria parva (Muguga) and five theileria strains. Veterinary Parasitology 1, 35–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radley, D. E., Brown, C. G. D., Cunningham, M. P., Kimber, C. D., Musisi, F. L., Payne, R. C., Purnell, R. E., Stagg, S. M. & Young, A. S. (1975). East Coast fever. 3. Chemoprophylactic immunization of cattle using oxytetracycline and a combination of theilerial strains. Veterinary Parasitology 1, 51–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radley, D. E., Brown, C. G. D., Cunningham, M. P., Kimber, C. D., Musisi, F. L., Purnell, R. E. & Stagg, S. M. (1975). East Coast fever: challenge of immunised cattle by prolonged exposure to infected ticks. Veterinary Record 96, 525–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radley, D. E., Young, A. S., Brown, C. G. D., Burridge, M. J., Cunningham, M. P., Musist, F. L. & Purnell, R. E. (1975). East Coast fever: 2. Cross-immunity trials with a Kenya strain of Theileiia lawrencei. Veterinary Parasitology 1, 43–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riek, R. F. (1962). Studies on the reactions of animals to infestation with ticks. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 13, 532–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, J. A. (1968 a). Acquisition by the host of resistance to the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini). Journal of Parasitology 54, 657–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, J. A. (1968 b). Resistance of cattle to the tick Boophilus microplus (Canestrini). II. Stage of the life cycle of the parasite against which resistance is manifest. Journal of Parasitology 54, 667–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, J. A. (1971). Behaviour of larvae of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini), on cattle of differing degrees of resistance. Journal of Parasitology 57, 651–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, J. A. & Kerr, J. D. (1976). Boophilus microplus: passive transfer of resistance in cattle. Journal of Parasitology 62, 485–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roulston, W. J., Wharton, R. H., Nolan, J., Kerr, J. D., Wilson, J. T., Thompson, P. G. & Schotz, M. (1981). A survey for resistance in cattle ticks to acaricides. Australian Veterinary Journal 57, 362–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schlecer, A. V., Lincoln, D. T., McKenna, R. V., Kemp, D. H. & Roberts, J. A. (1976). Boophilus microplus: cellular responses to larval attachment and their relationship to host resistance. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 29, 499–512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schofield, L., Villaquiran, J., Ferreira, A., Schellekens, H., Nussenzweig, R. & Nussenzweig, V. (1987). Gamma interferon, CD8+ T cells and antibodies required for immunity to malaria sporozoites. Nature, London 330, 664–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shiels, B. R., McDougall, C., Tait, A. & Brown, C. G. D. (1986). Identification of infection associated antigens in Theileria annulata-transformed cells. Parasite Immunology 8, 69–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, W. D. & Angus, K. W. (1980). Haemonchus contortus: attempts to immunise lambs with irradiated larvae. Research in Veterinary Science 29, 45–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, R. D., James, M. A., Ristic, M., Aikawa, M. & Murguia, C. A. V. (1981). Bovine babesiosis: protection of Cattle with culture-derived soluble Babesia bovis antigen. Science 212, 335–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Timms, P., Dalgliesh, R. J., Barry, D. N., Dimmock, C. K. & Rodwell, B. J. (1983). Babesia bovis: comparison of culture-derived parasites, non-living antigen and conventional vaccine in the protection of cattle against heterologous challenge. Australian Veterinary Journal 60, 75–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Timms, P., Stewart, N. P., Rodwell, B. J. & Barry, D. N. (1984). Immune responses of cattle following vaccination with living and non-living Babesia bovis antigens. Veterinary Parasitology 16, 243–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Todorovic, R. A., Gonzalez, E. F. & Adams, L. G. (1973). Bovine babesiosis: sterile immunity to Babesia bigemina and Babesia argentina infections. Tropical Animal Health and Production 5, 234–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Townsend, A. R. M. & McMichael, A. J. (1985). Specificity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes stimulated with influenza virus. Studies in mice and humans. In Immunobiology of HLA Class I and Class II Molecules, Progress in Allergy, vol. 36 (ed. de Vries, R. R. P. and van Rood, J. J.), pp. 10–43. Basel: S. Karger.Google Scholar
Townsend, A. R. M., McMichael, A. J., Carter, N. P., Huddleston, J. A. & Brownlee, G. G. (1984). Cytotoxic T cell recognition of the influenza nucleoprotein and hemagglutinin expressed in transfected mouse L cells. Cell 39, 13–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Townsend, A. R. M., Rothbard, J., Gotch, F. M., Bahadur, G., Wraith, D. & McMichael, A. J. (1986). The epitopes of influenza nucleoprotein recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes can be defined with short synthetic peptides. Cell 44, 959–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Urquhart, G. M., Jarrett, W. F. H., Jennings, F. W., McIntyre, W. I. M. & Mulligan, W. (1966). Immunity to Haemonchus contortus: relationship between age and successful vaccination with irradiated larvae. American Journal of Veterinary Research 27, 1645–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Vitiello, A. & Sherman, L. A. (1983). Recognition of influenza-infected cells by cytolytic T lymphocyte clones: determinant selection by class I restriction elements. Journal of Immunology 131, 1635–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wagland, B. M. (1975). Host resistance to cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) in Brahman (Bos indicus) cattle. I. Responses of previously unexposed cattle to 4 infestations with 20,000 larvae. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 29, 395–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagland, B. M. (1978). Host resistance to cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) in Brahman (Bos indicus) cattle. II. The dynamics of resistance in previously unexposed and exposed cattle. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 29, 395–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willadsen, P. (1976). Allergenic activity of an esterase from Boophilus microplus. FEBS Letters 72, 346–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Willadsen, p. (1980). Immunity to ticks. Advances in Parasitology 18, 293–313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Willadsen, P. (1987). Immunological approaches to the control of ticks. International Journal for Parasitology 17, 671–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willadsen, P. & Kemp, D. H. (1988). Vaccination with concealed antigens for tick control. Parasitology Today 4, 196–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Willadsen, P., McKenna, R. V. & Riding, G. A. (1988). Isolation from the cattle tick Boophilus microplus of antigenic material capable of eliciting protective immunological response in the bovine host. International Journal for Parasitology 18, 183–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Willadsen, P. & Riding, G. A. (1979). Characterisation of a proteolytic enzyme inhibitor with allergenic activity. Multiple functions of a parasite-derived protein. Biochemical Journal 177, 41–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Willadsen, P. G. W., Roberts, J. A. & Kerr, J. D. (1978). Responses of cattle to allergens from Boophilus microplus. International Journal for Parasitology 8, 89–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Willadsen, P., Wood, G. M. & Riding, G. A. (1979). The relation between histamine concentration, histamine sensitivity and the resistance of cattle to the tick Boophilus microplus. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 59, 87–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, I. G., Mirre, C. B., Rode-Bramanis, K., Chamberlain, M., Goodger, B. V. & Waltisbuhl, D. J. (1985). Protective Vaccination against virulent Babesia bovis with a low-molecular-weight antigen. Infection and Immunity 48, 109–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, I. G., White, M., Tracey-Patte, P. D., Donaldson, R. A., Goodger, B. V., Waltisbuhl, D. J. & Mahoney, D. F. (1983). Babesia bovis: isolation of a protective antigen by using monoclonal antibodies. Infection and Immunity 41, 244–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, A. S., Leitch, B. L., Newson, R. M. & Cunningham, M. P. (1986). Maintenance of Theileria parva parva infection in an endemic area of Kenya. Parasitology 93, 9–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zanetti, M., Sercarz, E. & Salk, J. (1987). The immunity of new generation vaccines. Immunology Today 8, 18–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed