Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T08:05:53.718Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The morphology, formation and development of cysts of Entamoeba

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2009

Elspeth W. McConnachie
Affiliation:
Molteno Institute, University of Cambridge

Extract

Parasitic amoebae of the genus Entamoeba are transmitted from one host to another as cysts. The active amoeboid forms are so adapted to life within their particular hosts that, outside the host, they soon die, but encysted stages survive conditions fatal to the unprotected amoebae. The cyst is an integral and critical phase in the life-cycle of Entamoeba; its attributes directly influence the dissemination of the organism, and are an important aspect in the epidemiology of amoebiasis. The following account of the morphology, formation and development of the cysts of Entamoeba is an assessment of present knowledge, and is not a comprehensive review of all available observations.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1969

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Balamuth, W. (1962). Effects of some environmental factors upon growth and encystation of Entamoeba invadens. J. Parasit. 48, 101–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barker, D. C. (1963). A ribonucleoprotein inclusion body in Entamoeba invadens. Z. Zellforsch. mikrosk. Anat. 58, 641–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barker, D. C. & Deutsch, K. (1958). The chromatoid body of Entamoeba invadens. Expl Cell Res. 15, 604–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barker, D. C. & Svihla, G. (1964). Localization of cytoplasmic nucleic acid during growth and encystment of Entamoeba invadens. J. Cell Biol. 20, 389–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belding, D. L. (1952). Textbook of Clinical Parasitology. New York: Appleton Century Crofts, Inc.Google Scholar
Bishop, A. (1932). Entamoeba aulastomi Nöller. Cultivation, morphology, and method of division; and cultivation of Hexamita sp. Parasitology 24, 225–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bishop, A. (1937). Further observations upon Entamoeba aulastomi Nöller. Parasitology 29, 5768.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bullock, W. L. (1966). Entamoeba gadi sp.n. from the rectum of the pollock, Pollachius virens (L., 1758), with some observations on its cytochemistry. J. Parasit. 52, 679–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burrows, R. B. (1957). Endamoeba hartmanni. Am. J. Hyg. 65, 172–88.Google ScholarPubMed
Burrows, R. B. (1959). Morphological differentiation of Entamoeba hartmanni and E. polecki from E. histolytica. Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 8, 583–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burrows, R. B. (1964). Identification of Entamoeba hartmanni trophozoites from nuclear structure. Am. J. Hyg. 79, 2936.Google ScholarPubMed
Chang, S. L. (1946). Studies on Endamoeba histolytica. IV. The relation of oxidation-reduction potentials to the growth, encystation and excystation of E. histolytica in culture. Parasitology 37, 101–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cleveland, L. R. & Sanders, E. P. (1930). Encystation, multiple fission without encystment, excystation, metacystic development, and variation in a pure line and nine strains of Entamoeba histolytica. Arch. Protistenk. 70, 223–66.Google Scholar
Dobell, C. C. (1909). Researches on the intestinal protozoa of frogs and toads. Q. Jl microsc. Sci. 53, 201–77.Google Scholar
Dobell, C. (1919). The Amoebae living in Man. London: John Bale, Sons, & Danielsson, Ltd.Google Scholar
Dobell, C. (1927). Further observations and experiments on the cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica from cysts. Parasitology 19, 288313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobell, C. (1928). Researches on the intestinal protozoa of monkeys and man. I. General introduction, and II. Description of the whole life-history of Entamoeba histolytica in cultures. Parasitology 20, 357412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobell, C. (1936). Researches on the intestinal protozoa of monkeys and man. VIII. An experimental study of some simian strains of ‘Entamoeba coli. Parasitology 28, 541–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobell, C. (1938). Researches on the intestinal protozoa of monkeys and man. IX. The life-history of Entamoeba coli, with special reference to metacystic development. Parasitology 30, 195238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobell, C. (with Neal, R. A. & Hoare, C. A.) (1952). Researches on the intestinal protozoa of monkeys and man. XII. Bacterial factors influencing the life history of Entamoeba histolytica in cultures. Parasitology 42, 1639.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deutsch, K. & Zaman, V. (1959). An electron microscopic study of Entamoeba invadens Rodhain 1934. Expl Cell Res. 17, 310–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
El Mofty, M. M. & Smyth, J. D. (1964). Endocrine control of encystation in Opalina ranarum parasitic in Rana temporaria. Expl Parasit. 15, 185–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Everritt, M. G. (1950). The relationship of population growth to in vitro encystation of Endamoeba histolytica. J. Parasit. 36, 586–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freedman, L. & Elsdon-Dew, R. (1959). Size as a criterion of species in the human intestinal amoebae. Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 8, 327–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garcia, E. Y. (1935). Effects of chlorinated lime in lethal concentrations on Entamoeba histolytica cysts. Philipp. J. Sci. 56, 295310.Google Scholar
Geiman, Q. M. & Ratcliffe, H. L. (1936). Morphology and life-cycle of an amoeba producing amoebiasis in reptiles. Parasitology 28, 208–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldman, M. & Davis, V. (1965). Isolation of different-sized substrains from three stock cultures of Entamoeba histolytica, with observations on spontaneous size changes affecting whole populations. J. Protozool. 12, 509–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hakansson, E. G. (1936). Observations on chromatoid bodies in the cysts of Entamoeba histolytica. Nav. med. Bull. 34, 478–92.Google Scholar
Hallman, F. A., Michaelson, J. B., Blumenthal, H. & Delamater, J. N. (1955). Cytochemical studies on Endamoeba histolytica, with particular reference to polysaccharides. Expl Parasit. 4, 4553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hegner, R., Johnson, C. M. & Stabler, R. M. (1932). Host-parasite relations in experimental amoebiasis in monkeys in Panama. Am. J. Hyg. 15, 394443.Google Scholar
Hill, W. C., Osman, J. & Neal, R. A. (1954). An epizootic due to Entamoeba invadens at the Gardens of the Zoological Society of London. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 123, 731–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoare, C. A. (1940). On an Entamoeba occurring in English goats. Parasitology 32, 226–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kofoid, C. A., McNeil, E. & Kopac, M. J. (1931). Chemical nature of the cyst wall in human intestinal protozoa. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med. 29, 100–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McConnachie, E. W. (1954). The influence of environmental factors on the size of the cysts of Entamoeba invadens Rodhain, 1934. Parasitology 44, 342–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McConnachie, E. W. (1962). A medium for the axenic cultivation of Entamoeba invadens. Nature, Lond. 194, 603–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meerovitch, E. (1958). Some biological requirements and host-parasite relations of Entamoeba invadens. Can. J. Zool. 36, 513–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, R. S., Slayter, H. S. & Weller, D. L. (1968). Isolation of ribosomes from cysts of Entamoeba invadens. J. Cell Biol. 36, 4551.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakamura, M. (1953). Nutrition and physiology of Endamoeba histolytica. Bact. Rev. 17, 189212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neal, R. A. (1950). An experimental study of Entamoeba muris (Grassi, 1879); its morphology, affinities and host-parasite relationship. Parasitology 40, 343–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neal, R. A. (1953). Studies on the morphology and biology of Entamoeba moshkovskii Tshalaia, 1941. Parasitology, 43, 253–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neal, R. A. (1954). The influence of encystation upon the virulence of Entamoeba histolytica to rats. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 48, 533–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neal, R. A. (1960). Enzymic proteolysis by Entamoeba histolytica; biochemical characteristics and relationship with invasiveness. Parasitology 50, 531–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neal, R. A. (1966). Experimental studies on Entamoeba with reference to speciation. Adv. Parasitol. 4, 151.Google ScholarPubMed
Neal, R. A. (1967). The in vitro cultivation of Entamoeba. In Problems of in vitro culture, pp. 926, Fifth Symposium of the British Society for Parasitology. Oxford and Edinburgh: Blackwell Scientific Publications.Google Scholar
Pan, C.-T. & Geiman, Q. M. (1955). Comparative studies of intestinal amebae. I. Distributions and cyclic changes of the nucleic acids in Endamoeba histolytica and Endamoeba coli. Am. J. Hyg. 62, 6679.Google ScholarPubMed
Phillips, B. P. (1962). Further studies with ameba-trypanosome cultures. Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 11, 611.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porter, R. J. (1953). Amebiasis. A. Rev. Microbiol. 7, 273–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ray, H. N. & Sen Gupta, P. C. (1954). A cytochemical study of Entamoeba histolytica. J. Indian med. Ass. 23, 529–33.Google ScholarPubMed
Reardon, L. V., Verder, E. & Rees, C. W. (1952). The cultural requirements of Endamoeba coli and the comparative effects of drying on the cysts of E. coli and E. histolytica. Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 1, 155–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rees, C. W., Baernstein, H. D., Reardon, L. V. & Phillips, L. (1953). Some interactions in vitro of Endamoeba histolytica and single species of microbial symbionts. Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 2, 1002–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rees, C. W., Reardon, L. V. & Bartgis, I. L. (1950). The excystation of Entamoeba histolytica without bacteria in microcultures. Parasitology 40, 338–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richards, C. S., Goldman, M. & Cannon, L. T. (1966). Cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba histolytica-like strains at reduced temperature and behaviour of the amebae in diluted media. Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 15, 648–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanders, E. P. (1931). The life-cycle of Entamoeba ranarum, Grassi (1879). Arch. Protistenk. 74, 365–71.Google Scholar
Sanders, E. P. & Cleveland, L. R. (1930). The morphology and life-cycle of Entamoeba terrapinae spec. nov., from the terrapin, Chrysemys elegans. Arch. Protistenk. 70, 267–72.Google Scholar
Sapero, J. J., Hakansson, E. G. & Louttit, C. M. (1942). The occurrence of two significantly distinct races of Endamoeba histolytica. Am. J. trop. Med. 22, 191208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swartzwelder, J. C. (1939). Experimental studies on Endamoeba histolytica in the dog. Am. J. Hyg. 29, 89109.Google Scholar
Tanabe, M. (1934). The excystation and metacystic development of Entamoeba histolytica in the intestine of white rats. Keijo J. Med. 5, 238–53.Google Scholar
Wantland, W. W., Wantland, E. M. & Remo, J. W. (1961). Cytology and morphogenesis of Entamoeba gingivalis. J. dent. Res. 40, 624.CrossRefGoogle Scholar