Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T22:55:57.420Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A synthetic review of notoedres species mites and mange

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 September 2016

J. FOLEY ,
L. E. K. SERIEYS ,
N. STEPHENSON ,
S. RILEY ,
C. FOLEY ,
M. JENNINGS ,
G. WENGERT ,
W. VICKERS ,
E. BOYDSTON  and
L. LYREN
...Show all authors
J. FOLEY*
Affiliation:
Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California 95616, USA
L. E. K. SERIEYS
Affiliation:
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosh, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, 95054, USA
N. STEPHENSON
Affiliation:
Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California 95616, USA
S. RILEY
Affiliation:
National Park Service Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, Thousand Oaks, California 91360, USA
C. FOLEY
Affiliation:
Lutheran Social Services of Northern California, 5050 Walnut Avenue, Sacramento, 95841, USA
M. JENNINGS
Affiliation:
Biology Department, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, California 92182, USA
G. WENGERT
Affiliation:
Integral Ecology Research Center, Blue Lake, California 95525, USA
W. VICKERS
Affiliation:
University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Wildlife Health Center, Davis, California 95616, USA
E. BOYDSTON
Affiliation:
U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Thousand Oaks, California 91360, USA
L. LYREN
Affiliation:
U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Thousand Oaks, California 91360, USA
J. MORIARTY
Affiliation:
National Park Service Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, Thousand Oaks, California 91360, USA
D. L. CLIFFORD
Affiliation:
Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California 95616, USA California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Wildlife Investigations Lab, 1701 Nimbus Road, Rancho Cordova, California 95670, USA
*
*Corresponding author: Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California 95616, USA. E-mail: jefoley@ucdavis.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Notoedric mange, caused by obligately parasitic sarcoptiform Notoedres mites, is associated with potentially fatal dermatitis with secondary systemic disease in small mammals, felids and procyonids among others, as well as an occasional zoonosis. We describe clinical spectra in non-chiropteran hosts, review risk factors and summarize ecological and epidemiological studies. The genus is disproportionately represented on rodents. Disease in felids and procyonids ranges from very mild to death. Knowledge of the geographical distribution of the mites is highly inadequate, with focal hot spots known for Notoedres cati in domestic cats and bobcats. Predisposing genetic and immunological factors are not known, except that co-infection with other parasites and anticoagulant rodenticide toxicoses may contribute to severe disease. Treatment of individual animals is typically successful with macrocytic lactones such as selamectin, but herd or wildlife population treatment has not been undertaken. Transmission requires close contact and typically is within a host species. Notoedric mange can kill half all individuals in a population and regulate host population below non-diseased density for decades, consistent with frequency-dependent transmission or spillover from other hosts. Epidemics are increasingly identified in various hosts, suggesting global change in suitable environmental conditions or increased reporting bias.

Keywords

bobcatLynx rufusmangeNotoedres catiNotoedres centriferasquirrelSciurus griseusurbanization
Type
Review Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 143 , Issue 14 , December 2016 , pp. 1847 - 1861
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Ah, H.-S. (1975). Notoedres (Bakeracarus) coreanus sp. n.(Acari: Sarcoptidae), a new intranasal sarcoptid mite from Pipistrellus savii (Ognev) from Korea. Journal of Parasitology 61, 722–724.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, E. M. and Lovallo, M. (2003). Bobcat and Lynx. In Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation (eds. Feldhamer, G., Thompson, B. and Chapman, J.), pp. 758–786. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.Google Scholar
Arends, J., Stanislaw, C. and Gerdon, D. (1990). Effects of sarcoptic mange on lactating swine and growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 68, 1495–1499.Google Scholar
Asserson, W. C. (1974). Western Gray Squirrel Studies in Kern County, California, California Department of Fish and Game, Administrative Report No. 74–1, Sacramento, CA, USA.Google Scholar
Baies, A., Suteu, I. and Klemm, W. (1968). [Notoedres scabies of the golden hamster]. Zeitschrift fur Versuchstierkunde 10, 251–257.Google Scholar
Bevins, S. N., Carver, S., Boydston, E. E., Lyren, L. M., Alldredge, M., Logan, K. A., Riley, S. P., Fisher, R. N., Vickers, T. W., Boyce, W., Salman, M., Lappin, M. R., Crooks, K. R. and VandeWoude, S. (2012). Three pathogens in sympatric populations of pumas, bobcats, and domestic cats: implications for infectious disease transmission. PLoS ONE 7, e31403.Google Scholar
Bigler, B., Waber, S. and Pfister, K. (1984). [1st successful results in the treatment of Notoedres cati with ivermectin]. Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkund 126, 365–367.Google ScholarPubMed
Bowman, D. D., Hendrix, C. M., Lindsay, D. S. and Barr, S. C. (2002). Notoedres cati. In Feline Clinical Parasitology (ed. Bowman, D.), pp. 394–399. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.Google Scholar
Boydston, E. E. and Crooks, K. R. (2013). Movement Patterns of Bobcats and Coyotes after Widening of CA-71 near CA-91 in Southern California: Final Report. U.S. Geological Survey, Sacramento, California. Report prepared for Caltrans. 194 pp.Google Scholar
Bryant, H. C. (1921). Tree squirrels infested with scabies. California Fish and Game 7, 128.Google Scholar
Bryant, H. C. (1926). Gray squirrel disease still exists. California Fish and Game 11, 205–206.Google Scholar
Burton, D. L. and Dufour, K. A. (2000). An overview of urban wildlife morbidity and mortality in the Midwest. Wildlife Rehabilitation 18, 77–108.Google Scholar
Carlson, B. L., Daniel, P. R. and Svend, W. N. (1982). Notoedric mange in gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 18, 347–348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chakrabarti, A. (1986). Human Notoedric scabies from contact with cats infested with Notoedres cati . International Journal of Dermatology 25, 646–648.Google Scholar
Chakrabarti, A. and Chaudhury, M. N. (1984). Survey of the incidence of mange in domestic animals in West Bengal (India). Indian Veterinary Medical Journal 8, 39–48.Google Scholar
Chand, N., Singh, H. and Singh, R. (2014). Successful therapeutic management of notoedric mange in rodents. Journal of Parasitic Diseases 38, 61–63.Google Scholar
Chen, C. and Bourdeau, P. (2008). Notoedres cati infestation in a Formosan masked civet. In Veterinary Dermatologist. http://www.veterinarydermatologist.idv.tw/eformosa.htm.Google Scholar
Coop, R. and Kyriazakis, I. (1999). Nutrition-parasite interaction. Veterinary Parasitology 84, 187–204.Google Scholar
Cornish, T. E., Linders, M. J., Little, S. E. and Vander Haegen, W. M. (2001). Notoedric mange in western gray squirrels from Washington. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 37, 630–633.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delucchi, L. and Castro, E. (2000). Use of doramectin for treatment of Notoedric mange in five cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 216, 215–216, 193–214.Google Scholar
Dobias, J. (1974). Successful treatment of lynx for scabies. In International Symposium on Diseases in Zoo Animals, Vol. 16. pp. 253–255. Tierpark, Berlin.Google Scholar
Domrow, R. (1974). Miscellaneous mites from Australian vertebrates. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 99, 15–35.Google Scholar
D'Souza, P., Jagannath, M. S. and Rahman, S. A. (1986). Notoedric mange in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). Indian Veterinary Journal 63, 963–964.Google Scholar
Evans, R. H. (1984). Ivermectin treatment of notoedric mange in two fox squirrels. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 185, 1437–1438.Google Scholar
Fain, A. (1963). [Les acariens producteurs de gale chez les lémuriens et les singes avec une étude des Psoroptidae (Sarcoptiformes)]. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 39, 1–125.Google Scholar
Fain, S. (1965). [Notes on the genus Notoedres Railliet, 1893 (Sarcoptidae: Sarcoptoformes)]. Acarologia 7, 321–342.Google ScholarPubMed
FAO (2007). Equator, Tropics & Meridian Reference. http://www.fao.org/geonetwork/srv/en/metadata.show?id=29032&currTab=simple, Vol. 2013 Rome.Google Scholar
Fletcher, K. C. (1978). Notoedric mange in a litter of snow leopards. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 173, 1231–1232.Google Scholar
Flynn, R. J. (1973). Parasites of Laboratory Animals. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.Google Scholar
Foley, R. H. (1991). A notoedric mange epizootic in an island's cat population. Feline Practice 19, 8–10.Google Scholar
Fthenakis, G., Karagiannidis, A., Alexopoulos, C., Brozos, C. and Papadopoulos, E. (2001). Effects of sarcoptic mange on the reproductive performance of ewes and transmission of Sarcoptes scabiei to newborn lambs. Veterinary Parasitology 95, 63–71.Google Scholar
Gakuya, F., Rossi, L., Ombui, J., Maingi, N., Muchemi, G., Ogara, W., Soriguer, R. C. and Alasaad, S. (2011). The curse of the prey: Sarcoptes mite molecular analysis reveals potential prey-to-predator parasitic infestation in wild animals from Masai Mara, Kenya. Parasites and Vectors 4, 193.Google Scholar
Garrett, L. and Haramoto, F. H. (1967). A catalog of Hawaiian Acarina. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 19, 381–414.Google Scholar
George, J. B., Otobo, S., Ogunleye, J. and Adediminiyi, B. (1992). Louse and mite infestation in domestic animals in northern Nigeria. Tropical Animal Health Products 24, 121–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gordon, R., Unsworth, K. and Seaton, D. (1943). The development and transmission of scabies as studied in rodent infections. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 37, 174–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, G. I. (1988 a). The Age and Sex Structure of Harvested Bobcats in California, 1984–85 and 1985–86. California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA.Google Scholar
Gould, G. I. (1988 b). The harvest of bobcats in California, 1985–86. California Fish and Game, 12 p.Google Scholar
Gregory, M. (1981). Mites of the hedgehog Erinaceus albiventris Wagner in Kenya: observations on the prevalence and pathogenicity of Notoedres oudemansi Fain, Caparinia erinacein Fain, and Rodentopus sciuri Fain. Parasitology 82, 149–157.Google Scholar
Grippi, R. (1975). Bobcat Distribution and Abundance in Fresno County, California. Unpublished Wildlife Report No. California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA.Google Scholar
Gross, T. L. (2005). Feline notoedric acariasis. In Skin Diseases of the Dog and Cat: Clinical and Histopathologic Diagnosis (ed. Gross, T. L., Ihrke, P. J., Walder, E. J. and Affolter, V. K.), pp. 219–220. Blackwell, Ames, Iowa.Google Scholar
Guaguere, E., Prelaud, P., Craig, M. and Scott, D. W. (1999). Notoedric mange. In A Practical Guide to Feline Dermatology (ed. Guaguere, E. and Prelaud, P.), p. 3·1. Merial, Iselin, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Hartmannova, B. and Mouka, J. (1990). Ivermectin treatment of rabbits, cats, nutria, and foxes with nematode and mite infestations. Veterinarstvi 40, 122–123.Google Scholar
Heath, A., Rush-Munro, R. and Rutherford, D. (1971). The hedgehog—a new host record for Notoedres muris (Acari: Sarcoptidae). New Zealand Entomologist 5, 100–103.Google Scholar
Hering, E. (1838). [Die Kräzmilben der Thiere und einige verwandte Arten: nach eigenen Untersuchungen beschrieben]. Nova Acta Physico-Medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino Carolinae 18, 605.Google Scholar
Itoh, N., Muraoka, N., Aoki, M. and Itagaki, T. (2004). Treatment of Notoedres cati infestation in cats with selamectin. Veterinary Record 154, 409.Google Scholar
Jansen, J. (1963). On the genus Notoedres Railliet. Entomologische Berichten 23, 258–264.Google Scholar
Jittapalapong, S., Sangvaranond, A., Inpankaew, T., Pinyopanuwat, N., Chimnoi, W., Kengradomkij, C. and Wongnakphet, S. (2008). Ectoparasites of stray cats in Bangkok metropolitan areas, Thailand. Kasetsart Journal 42, 71–75.Google Scholar
Kangstrom, L.-E. (1984). [A case of feline scabies]. Svensk Veterinartidning 36, 701–702.Google Scholar
Kazacos, E. A., Kevin, R. K. and Herald, A. D. (1983). Notoedric mange in two fox squirrels. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 183, 1281–1282.Google ScholarPubMed
Klompen, J. S. H. (1992). Phylogenetic Relationships in the Mite Family Sarcoptidae (Acari : Astigmata), Museum of Zoology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.Google Scholar
Klompen, J. and Nachman, M. (1990). Occurrence and treatment of the mange mite Notoedres muris in marsh rats from South America. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 26, 135–136.Google Scholar
Larsson, C. (1989). [Dermatologia veterinaria. I. Dermatites parasitarias dos carnivoros domesticos: sartnas arcxoptrica, notoedrica e otoacariase]. Comunicações científicas da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo 13, 7–17.Google Scholar
Lavoipierre, M. M. J. (1964). Mange mites of the genus Notoedres (Acari: Sarcoptidae) with descriptions of two new species and remarks on notoedric mange in the squirrel and the vole. Journal of Medical Entomology 1, 5–17.Google Scholar
Leech, F. and Spence, T. (1951). Immunity and metabolic rate: the course of notoedric scabies in rats with different metabolic rates. Parasitology 41, 224–228.Google Scholar
Lefkaditis, M. A., Sossidou, A. V., Panorias, A. H., Koukeri, S. E., Paştiu, A. I. and Athanasiou, L. V. (2015). Urban stray cats infested by ectoparasites with zoonotic potential in Greece. Parasitology Research 114, 3931–3934.Google Scholar
Leone, F. (2007). Canine notoedric mange: a case report. Veterinary Dermatology, 18, 127–129.Google Scholar
Linders, M. J. and Stinson, D. W. (2006). Draft Washington State Recovery Plan for the Western Gray Squirrel, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA, USA.Google Scholar
Littin, K. E., O'Connor, C. E., Gregory, N. G., Mellor, D. J. and Eason, C. T. (2002). Behaviour, coagulopathy and pathology of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) poisoned with brodifacoum. Wildlife Research 29, 259–267.Google Scholar
Little, S. E., Davidson, W. R., Rakich, P. M., Nixon, T. L., Bounous, D. I. and Nettles, V. F. (1998). Responses of red foxes to first and second infection with Sarcoptes scabiei . Journal of Wildlife Diseases 34, 600–611.Google Scholar
Lyren, L. M., Turschak, G. M., Ambat, E. S., Haas, C. D., Tracey, J. A., Boydston, E. E., Hathaway, S. A., Fisher, R. N. and Crooks, K. R. (2006). Carnivore Activity and Movement in a Southern California Protected Area, the North/Central Irvine Ranch. 2006 Final Report prepared for The Nature Conservancy. U.S. Geological Survey Technical Report. 115 pp.Google Scholar
Lyren, L. M., Alonso, R. S., Crooks, K. R. and Boydston, E. E. (2008 a). Functional Connectivity for Carnivores Across the Former El Toro Marine Base, Orange County, California. U. S. Geological Survey, 2008 Final Administrative Report. Sacramento, CA.Google Scholar
Lyren, L. M., Alonso, R. S., Crooks, K. R. and Boydston, E. E. (2008 b). GPS Telemetry, Camera trap, and Mortality Surveys of Bobcats in the San Joaquin Hills, Orange County, California. 2008 Final Administrative Report prepared for The Nature Conservancy. U. S. Geological Survey, Sacramento, California.Google Scholar
Maehr, D., Greiner, E., Lanier, J. and Murphy, D. (1995). Notoedric mange in the Florida panther (Felis concolor coryi). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 31, 251.Google Scholar
Malecki, G. and Balcerak, J. (1988). Use of ivomec in felidae in a zoological garden. Medycyna Weterynaryjna 44, 466–467.Google Scholar
McCallum, H., Jones, M., Hawkins, C., Hamede, R., Lachish, S., Sinn, D. L., Beeton, N. and Lazenby, B. (2009). Transmission dynamics of Tasmanian devil facial tumor disease may lead to disease-induced extinction. Ecology 90, 3379–3392.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKenzie, R., Green, P. and Knox, E. (1976). Notoedres muris infestation in a naked-tailed rat Melomys cervinipes . Journal of Wildlife Diseases 12, 486–487.Google Scholar
Mendenhall, V. and Pank, L. (1980). Secondary poisoning of owls by anticoagulant rodenticides. Wildlife Society Bulletin 8, 311–315.Google Scholar
Michael, E. (1940). California gray squirrels coming back to Yosemite. Yosemite Nature Notes 19, 37–38.Google Scholar
Milley, C., Dryden, M., Rosenkrantz, W., Griffin, J. and Reeder, C. (2016). Comparison of parasitic mite retrieval methods in a population of community cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery epub 22 Apr 2016, 1098612X16650717.Google Scholar
Morner, T. (1992). Sarcoptic mange in Swedish wildlife. Revue Scientifique et Technique- OIE 11, 1115–1121.Google Scholar
Munro, R. (1978). Arthropod parasites affecting domesticated livestock in Fiji. Fiji Agricultural Journal 40, 91–96.Google Scholar
Nebraska Game and Parks Commission (1991). Fox Squirrel (Scuirus niger). Nebraska Game and Parks Commission Publications. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nebgamepubs/9 Google Scholar
Nellis, D. W. and Everard, C. (1983). The biology of the mongoose in the Caribbean. Studies on the fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands 64, 1–162.Google Scholar
Ninomiya, H. and Ogata, M. (2002). Notoedric mange in two free-ranging North American raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Japan. Veterinary Dermatology 13, 119–121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ninomiya, H., Ogata, M. and Makino, T. (2003). Notoedric mange in free-ranging masked palm civets (Paguma larvata) in Japan. Veterinary Dermatology 14, 339–344.Google Scholar
Ogata, M., Suzuki, T., Itagaki, H., Ishida, F. and Nakai, T. (1980). Two feline cases of Notoedres cati infestation. Journal of the Japanese Veterinary Medical Association 33, 276–279.Google Scholar
Oliver, A. J. and Wheeler, S. H. (1978). Toxicity of the anticoagulant pindone to the European rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus and the sheep, Ovis aries . Australian Wildlife Research 5, 135–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olivieri, L., Nardini, G., Leopardi, S. and Abramo, F. (2015). Mite infection in a masked palm civet (Paguma larvata larvata treated by selamectin (Stronghold, Pfizer Ltd.). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 46, 592–595.Google Scholar
Pantchev, N. and Hofmann, T. (2006). Notoedric mange caused by Notoedres cati in a pet African pygmy hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris). Veterinary Record 158, 59–60.Google Scholar
Paterson, S. (2008). Notoedric mange (feline scabies). In Manual of Skin Diseases of the Dog and Cat (ed. Paterson, S.), pp. 115–135. Blackwell Pub., Oxford.Google Scholar
Payne, E. A. (1940). The return of the California gray squirrel. Yosemite Nature Notes 19, 1–3.Google Scholar
Pence, D., Matthews, F. D. III and Windberg, L. A. (1982). Notoedric mange in the bobcat, Felis rufus, from south Texas. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 18, 47–50.Google Scholar
Pence, D., Tewes, M., Shindle, D. and Dunn, D. (1995). Notoedric mange in an ocelot (Felis pardalis) from southern Texas. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 31, 558–561.Google Scholar
Pence, D. B. and Ueckermann, E. (2002). Sarcoptic mange in wildlife. Revue Scientifique et Technique- OIE 21, 385–398.Google Scholar
Penner, L. and Parke, W. (1953). Notoedric mange in the bobcat, Lynx rufus . Journal of Mammalogy 35, 458.Google Scholar
Pence, D. B. and Windberg, L. A. (1994). Impact of a sarcoptic mange epizootic on a coyote population. Journal of Wildlife Management 58, 624–633.Google Scholar
Pollack, E. (1951). Observations on New England bobcats. Journal of Mammalogy 32, 356–358.Google Scholar
Putatunda, B., Kumar, R. and NBanerjee, D. (2004). Mites parasitic and/or associated with poultry and some mammals in Hisar, Haryana with key to identification. Indian Journal of Animal Research 38, 1–7.Google Scholar
Railliet, A. and Lucet, A. (1893). [Note sur le sarcopte des murides (Sarcoptes alepis sp. n.)]. Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie et de ses Filiales 45, 404–407.Google Scholar
Rak, H. (1972). Ectoparasites of dogs and cats in Iran. Entomology Monthly Magazine 108, p. 109.Google Scholar
Riley, S. P. D., Bromley, C., Poppenga, R. H., Uzal, F. A., Whited, L. and Sauvajot, R. M. (2007). Anticoagulant exposure and notoedric mange in bobcats and mountain lions in urban southern California. Journal of Wildlife Management 71, 1874–1884.Google Scholar
Riley, S. P. D., Boydston, E. E., Crooks, K. R. and Lyren, L. M. (2010). Bobcats (Lynx rufus). In Urban Carnivores (ed. Gehrt, S. D., Riley, S. P. D. and Cypher, B. L.), pp. 121–138. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.Google Scholar
Rolls, E. (1969). They All Ran Wild, Angus and Robertson, Sydney.Google Scholar
Rudd, J., Foley, J., Villepique, J. T. and Clifford, D. (2013). Utilizing citizen science to document the population decline and recovery of the western gray squirrel (Sciurus griseus anthonyi) in the San Bernardino Mountains of California. In California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1st Annual Science Symposium, Oct 8, 2013, Folsom, CA.Google Scholar
Rudd, J., Stephenson, N., Clifford, D. and Foley, J. (2016). Utilizing citizen science to document a mange epidemic in western gray squirrels (Sciurus griseus anthonyi) in two communities in California's San Bernardino Mountains. Wildlife Society Bulletin 40, 261–268.Google Scholar
Ryser-Degiorgis, M. P., Ryser, A., Bacciarini, L. N., Angst, C., Gottstein, B., Janovsky, M. and Breitenmoser, U. (2002). Notoedric and sarcoptic mange in free-ranging lynx from Switzerland. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 38, 228–232.Google Scholar
Sangvaranond, A. (1976). Mange infestation in domestic animals (Acarina: Sarcoptidae, Psoroptidae and Demodicidae) in Bogor and vicinity, West Java, Indonesia. In BIOTROP Symposium on Ectoparasite Biology Special Publication #6, Vol. 6, pp. 45–46. Bogor, Indonesia.Google Scholar
Schlotterer, C., Hauser, M. T., Vonhaeseler, A. and Tautz, D. (1994). Comparative evolutionary analysis of Rdna, its regions in Drosophila . Molecular Biology and Evolution 11, 513–522.Google Scholar
Scofield, A., dos Santos, R. C., Carvalho, N., Martins, A. L. and Goes-Cavalcante, G. (2011). First record of notoedric mange in ocelot (Leopardus pardalis Linnaeus, 1758) in the Amazon region, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 20, 334–337.Google Scholar
Scott, D. W. and Horn, R. T. Jr. (1987). Zoonotic dermatoses of dogs and cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 17, 117–144.Google Scholar
Scott, D. W., Miller, W. H. and Griffin, C. E. (2001). Feline scabies. In Muller & Kirk's Small Animal Dermatology (ed. Scott, D. W., Miller, W. H. and Griffin, C. E.), pp. 483–484. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Sequeira, J. and Dowdeswell, R. (1942). “Cat-itch” from a pet lynx. East African Medical Journal 18, 345–347.Google Scholar
Serieys, L., Epeldegui, M., Lea, A., Armenta, T., Riley, S., VandeWoude, S., Carver, S., Schlottman, S., Wayne, R., Foley, J. and Uittenbogaart, C. (Submitted). Rat poisons, persistent immune activation, and increased disease susceptibility in urban bobcats. Nature.Google Scholar
Serieys, L. E., Foley, J., Owens, S., Woods, L., Boydston, E., Lyren, L., Poppenga, R., Clifford, D. L., Stephenson, N., Rudd, J. and Riley, S. (2013). Serum chemistry, hematologic and post-mortem findings in bobcats (Lynx rufus) with notoedric mange. Journal of Parasitology 99, 989–996.Google Scholar
Serieys, L. E., Lea, A., Pollinger, J. P., Riley, S. P. and Wayne, R. K. (2014). Disease and freeways drive genetic change in urban bobcat populations. Evolutionary Applications 8, 75–92.Google Scholar
Serieys, L. E., Armenta, T. C., Moriarty, J. G., Boydston, E. E., Lyren, L. M., Poppenga, R. H., Crooks, K. R., Wayne, R. K. and Riley, S. P. (2015). Anticoagulant rodenticides in urban bobcats: exposure, risk factors and potential effects based on a 16-year study. Ecotoxicology 24, 844–862.Google Scholar
Snyder, D. E., Hamir, A. N., Hanlon, C. A. and Rupprecht, C. E. (1991). Notoedric acariasis in the porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 27, 723–726.Google Scholar
Soulsbury, C. D., Iossa, G., Baker, P. J., Cole, N. I. K. C., Funk, S. M. and Harris, S. (2007). The impact of sarcoptic mange Sarcoptes scabiei on the British fox Vulpes vulpes population. Mammal Review 37, 278–296.Google Scholar
Stephenson, N., Clifford, D., Worth, S. J., Serieys, L. E. and Foley, J. (2013 a). Development and validation of a fecal PCR assay for Notoedres cati and application to notoedric mange cases in bobcats (Lynx rufus) in Northern California, USA. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 49, 303–311.Google Scholar
Stephenson, N., Swift, P., Villepique, J. T., Clifford, D. L., Nyaoke, A., De la Mora, A., Moore, J. and Foley, J. (2013 b). Pathologic findings in Western gray squirrels (Sciurus griseus) from a notoedric mange epidemic in the San Bernardino Mountains, California. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 2, 266–270.Google Scholar
Svalastoga, E., Molbak, I., Kristensen, S. and Grymer, J. (1980). [Notoedres cati: et memento]. Dansk Veterinaert 63, 699–701.Google Scholar
Telford, S. R. (1998). Focal epidemic of sarcoptid (Acarina: Sarcoptidae) mite infestation in an insular population of white footed mice. Journal of Medical Entomology 35, 538–542.Google Scholar
Thompson, M. (2012). Notoedric Mange. Intelligent Content Corp. http://www.petplace.com/article/cats/diseases-conditions-of-cats/skin/notoedric-mange-in-cats Google Scholar
Tudury, E. and Lorenzoni, O. (1987). [Efeitos adversos do ivermectin em tres gatinhos Siames com sarna notoedrica]. Revista Centro Ciencia Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria 17, 275–281.Google Scholar
Valenzuela, D., Ceballos, G. and García, A. (2000). Mange epizootic in white-nosed coatis in western Mexico. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 36, 56–63.Google Scholar
Vander Haegen, W. M., Gregory, S. C. and Linders, M. J. (2007). Implementation Plan for Augmentation of the Western Gray Squirrel Population, Fort Lewis, Washington, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA, USA.Google Scholar
Walton, S. F., Holt, D. C., Currie, B. J. and Kemp, D. J. (2004). Scabies: new future for a neglected disease. Advances in Parasitology 57, 309–376.Google Scholar
Wassmer, D., Guenther, D. and Layne, J. (1988). Ecology of the bobcat in south-central Florida. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Biological Sciences 33, 159–228.Google Scholar
Watson, D. (1962). On the immature and adult stages of Notoedres alepis (Railliet and Lucet, 1893) and its effect on the skin of the rat. Acarologia 4, 64–77.Google Scholar
Wilson-Hanson, S. L. and Prescott, C. W. (1982). A survey for parasites in cats. Australian Veterinary Journal 59, 194.Google Scholar
World Bank (2013). Poverty Data. http://databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do?Step=2&id=4&hActiveDimensionId=WDI_Series Vol. 2013.Google Scholar
Yathiraj, S., Thimmappa, R., YJayagopala, R. and Muralidhara, A. (1994). Treatment of scabies in a cat with ivermectin- a case report. Indian Veterinary Journal 71, 596–597.Google Scholar
Young, E., Zumpt, F. and Whyte, I. J. (1972). Notoedres cati (Hering, 1838) infestation of the cheetah: preliminary report. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 43, 205.Google Scholar
Zahler, M., Essig, A., Gothe, R. and Rinder, H. (1999). Molecular analyses suggest monospecificity of the genus Sarcoptes (Acari: Sarcoptidae). International Journal for Parasitology 29, 759–766.Google Scholar
Zezulak, D. S. (1978). Northeastern California Bobcat Study. Unpublished Wildlife Report No. California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA.Google Scholar
Zuchowska, E. (1991). Scabies in mammals in Zoological Gardens. Wiadomosci Parazytologiczne 37, 123–125.Google Scholar
Zumpt, F., Audy, J. R., Gaud, J., Lawrence, R. F., Haeselbarth, E. and Segerman, J. (1961). The Arthropod Parasites of Vertebrates in Africa South of the Sahara (Ethiopia Region), vol. ix. South African Institute of Medical Research, Johannesburg, South Africa.Google Scholar