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Understanding host–parasite relationship: the immune central nervous system microenvironment and its effect on brain infections

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 December 2017

Laura Adalid-Peralta ,
Brenda Sáenz ,
Gladis Fragoso  and
Graciela Cárdenas
Laura Adalid-Peralta
Affiliation:
Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, México Unidad Periférica del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, México
Brenda Sáenz
Affiliation:
Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, México
Gladis Fragoso
Affiliation:
Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, México
Graciela Cárdenas*
Affiliation:
Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, México Unidad Periférica del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, México
*
Author for correspondence: Graciela Cárdenas, E-mail: grace_goker@yahoo.de, gracielacardenas@yahoo.com.mx
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Abstract

The central nervous system (CNS) has been recognized as an immunologically specialized microenvironment, where immune surveillance takes a distinctive character, and where delicate neuronal networks are sustained by anti-inflammatory factors that maintain local homeostasis. However, when a foreign agent such as a parasite establishes in the CNS, a set of immune defences is mounted and several immune molecules are released to promote an array of responses, which ultimately would control the infection and associated damage. Instead, a host–parasite relationship is established, in the context of which a close biochemical coevolution and communication at all organization levels between two complex organisms have developed. The ability of the parasite to establish in its host is associated with several evasion mechanisms to the immune response and its capacity for exploiting host-derived molecules. In this context, the CNS is deeply involved in modulating immune functions, either protective or pathogenic, and possibly in parasitic activity as well, via interactions with evolutionarily conserved molecules such as growth factors, neuropeptides and hormones. This review presents available evidence on some examples of CNS parasitic infections inducing different morbi-mortality grades in low- or middle-income countries, to illustrate how the CNS microenvironment affect pathogen establishment, growth, survival and reproduction in immunocompetent hosts. A better understanding of the influence of the CNS microenvironment on neuroinfections may provide relevant insights into the mechanisms underlying these pathologies.

Keywords

Host–pathogen interactionhumanparasitic helminthparasitic protozoan
Type
Review Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 145 , Issue 8 , July 2018 , pp. 988 - 999
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Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

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