Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T22:41:26.620Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Mismeasure of Consciousness: A Problem of Coordination for the Perceptual Awareness Scale

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2022

Abstract

As for most measurement procedures in the course of their development, measures of consciousness face the problem of coordination, that is, the problem of knowing whether a measurement procedure actually measures what it is intended to measure. I focus on the case of the Perceptual Awareness Scale to illustrate how ignoring this problem leads to ambiguous interpretations of subjective reports in consciousness science. In turn, I show that empirical results based on this measurement procedure might be systematically misinterpreted.

Type
Cognitive Sciences
Copyright
Copyright © The Philosophy of Science Association

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

I am grateful to Anouk Barberousse, Pascal Ludwig, Eran Tal, and Peter Fazekas, for valuable comments and suggestions.

References

Andersen, L. M., Pedersen, M. N., Sandberg, K., and Overgaard, M.. 2016. “Occipital MEG Activity in the Early Time Range (<300 ms) Predicts Graded Changes in Perceptual Consciousness.” Cerebral Cortex 26 (6): 2677–88..CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baars, B. 1988. A Cognitive Theory of Consciousness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Breitmeyer, B. G. 2015. “Psychophysical ‘Blinding’ Methods Reveal a Functional Hierarchy of Unconscious Visual Processing.” Consciousness and Cognition 35:234–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chalmers, D. 2000. “What Is a Neural Correlate of Consciousness?” In Neural Correlates of Consciousness: Empirical and Conceptual Issues, ed. Metzinger, T., 133. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Chang, H. 2004. Inventing Temperature: Measurement and Scientific Progress. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crick, F., and Koch, C.. 1990. “Towards a Neurobiological Theory of Consciousness.” Seminars in the Neurosciences 2:263–75.Google Scholar
Cronbach, L. J., and Meehl, P. E.. 1955. “Construct Validity in Psychological Tests.” Psychological Bulletin 52 (4): 281302..CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Del Cul, A., Baillet, S., and Dehaene, S.. 2007. “Brain Dynamics Underlying the Non-linear Threshold for Access to Consciousness.” PLoS Biology 5 (10): 2408–23..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fazekas, P. and Overgaard, M.. 2016. “Multi-Dimensional Models of Degrees and Levels of Consciousness.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 20 (10): 715–16..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fazekas, P. and Overgaard, M.. 2018. “A Multi-Factor Account of Degrees of Awareness.” Cognitive Science 42 (6): 1833–59..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fu, Q., Liu, Y.-J., Dienes, Z., Wu, J., Chen, W., and Fu, X.. 2017. “Neural Correlates of Subjective Awareness for Natural Scene Categorization of Color Photographs and Line-Drawings.” Frontiers in Psychology 8:113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hacking, I. 1981. “Do We See through a Microscope?Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 62:305–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irvine, E. 2012a. Consciousness as a Scientific Concept. Dordrecht: Springer.Google Scholar
Irvine, E.. 2012b. “Old Problems with New Measures in the Science of Consciousness.” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 63 (3): 627–48..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
JCGM (Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology). 2008. International Vocabulary of Metrology. 3rd ed. Sèvres: JCGM. http://www.bipm.org/en/publications/guides/vim.html.Google Scholar
Koivisto, M., and Revonsuo, A.. 2010. “Event-Related Brain Potential Correlates of Visual Awareness.” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 34 (6): 922–34..CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mach, E. 1896. “Critique of the Concept of Temperature.” In Basic Concepts of Measurement, ed. Ellis, B., 183–96. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Macmillan, N. A., and Creelman, C. D.. 2004. Detection Theory: A User’s Guide. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merikle, P. M., and Reingold, E. M.. 1998. “On Demonstrating Unconscious Perception.” Journal of Experimental Psychology 127 (3): 304–10..Google ScholarPubMed
Michel, M. 2017. “Methodological Artefacts in Consciousness Science.” Journal of Consciousness Studies 24 (11–12): 94117.Google Scholar
Norman, E., and Price, M. C.. 2015. “Measuring Consciousness with Confidence Ratings.” In Behavioral Methods in Consciousness Science, ed. Overgaard, M.. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Overgaard, M. 2006. “Introspection in Science.” Consciousness and Cognition 15:629–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Overgaard, M.. 2015. “The Challenge of Measuring Consciousness.” In Behavioral Methods in Consciousness Science, ed. Overgaard, M.. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Overgaard, M., Rote, J., Mouridsen, K., and Ramsoy, T. Z.. 2006. “Is Conscious Perception Gradual or Dichotomous? A Comparison of Report Methodologies during a Visual Task.” Consciousness and Cognition 15 (4): 700708..CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Place, U. T. 1956. “Is Consciousness a Brain Process?British Journal of Psychology 47:4450.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramsoy, T. Z., and Overgaard, M.. 2004. “Introspection and Subliminal Perception.” Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 3:123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenthal, D. 2018. “Consciousness and Confidence.” Neuropsychologia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.01.018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutiku, R., Aru, J., and Bachmann, T.. 2016. “General Markers of Conscious Visual Perception and Their Timing.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 10:115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sandberg, K., and Overgaard, M.. 2015. “Using the Perceptual Awareness Scale.” In Behavioral Methods in Consciousness Science, ed. Overgaard, M.. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sandberg, K., Timmermans, B., Overgaard, M., and Cleeremans, A.. 2010. “Measuring Consciousness: Is One Measure Better than the Other?Consciousness and Cognition 19 (4): 1069–78..CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwitzgebel, E. 2011. Perplexities of Consciousness. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sergent, C., Baillet, S., and Dehaene, S.. 2005. “Timing of the Brain Events Underlying Access to Consciousness during the Attentional Blink.” Nature Neuroscience 8 (10): 1391–400..CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sergent, C., and Dehaene, S.. 2004. “Is Consciousness a Gradual Phenomenon? Evidence for an All-or-None Bifurcation during the Attentional Blink.” Psychological Science 15 (11): 720–28..CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siegel, S. 2016. “The Contents of Perception.” In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed Edward N. Zalta. Stanford, CA: Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/perception-contents/.Google Scholar
Smart, J. J. C. 1959. “Sensations and Brain Processes.” Philosophical Review 68 (2): 141–56..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tagliabue, C. F., Mazzi, C., Bagattini, C., and Savazzi, S.. 2016. “Early Local Activity in Temporal Areas Reflects Graded Content of Visual Perception.” Frontiers in Psychology 7:110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tal, E. 2017. “Calibration: Modelling the Measurement Process.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science A 65–66:3345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Fraassen, B. 2008. Scientific Representations: Paradoxes of Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wierzchoń, M., Szczepanowski, R., Anzulewicz, A., and Cleeremans, A.. 2014. “When a (Precise) Awareness Measure Became a (Sketchy) Introspective Report.” Consciousness and Cognition 26 (1): 12..CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed