Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-d8cs5 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-13T06:41:36.125Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Constraints on onsets and codas of words and phrases*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 August 2009

Kathryn Flack
Kathryn Flack
Affiliation:
Hampshire College
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

For any phonotactic restriction on syllable onsets and codas, it can be shown that parallel restrictions are attested at edges of each higher prosodic domain. Onsets can be required at the beginnings of syllables, words or utterances, codas can be banned at the ends of any of these constituents and so on. This paper argues that these restrictions follow from constraint schemata: any markedness constraint on syllable onsets or codas (MOns or MCoda) is part of a family of constraints (MOns(Ons/PCat) or MCoda(Coda/PCat)) which imposes parallel restrictions on initial onsets or final codas of each prosodic domain. These prosodic domain-edge markedness constraints can induce epenthesis, deletion or other segmental changes at domain edges; they can also shape the prosodic structure of words.

Type
Articles
Information
Phonology , Volume 26 , Issue 2 , August 2009 , pp. 269 - 302
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abbott, Miriam (1991). Macushi. In Derbyshire, Desmond C. & Pullum, Geoffrey K. (eds.) Handbook of Amazonian languages. Vol. 3. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 23–160.Google Scholar
Armbruster, Charles Hubert (1960). Dongolese Nubian: a grammar. London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Beckman, Jill (1999). Positional faithfulness: an optimality theoretic treatment of phonological asymmetries. New York: Garland.Google Scholar
Bell, Alan (1971). Some patterns of occurrence and formation of syllable structures. Stanford Working Papers on Language Universals 6. 23–137.Google Scholar
Birnbaum, Solomon A. (1979). Yiddish: a survey and a grammar. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Blevins, Juliette (1995). The syllable in phonological theory. In Goldsmith, John A. (ed.) The handbook of phonological theory. Cambridge, Mass. & Oxford: Blackwell. 206–244.Google Scholar
Bloomfield, Leonard (1962). The Menomini language. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Borgman, Donald M. (1990). Sanuma. In Derbyshire, Desmond C. & Pullum, Geoffrey K. (eds.) Handbook of Amazonian languages. Vol. 2. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 15–248.Google Scholar
Branch, Michael (1987). Finnish. In Comrie, Bernard (ed.) The world's major languages. London & Sydney: Croom Helm. 593–618.Google Scholar
Bridgeman, Loraine I. (1961). Kaiwa (Guarani) phonology. IJAL 27. 329–334.Google Scholar
Bromley, H. Myron (1961). The phonology of Lower Grand Valley Dani: a comparative structural study of skewed phonemic patterns. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Broselow, Ellen (2003). Marginal phonology: phonotactics on the edge. The Linguistic Review 20. 159–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buller, Barbara, Buller, Ernest & Everett, Daniel L. (1993). Stress placement, syllable structure, and minimality in Banawá. IJAL 59. 280–293.Google Scholar
Busenitz, Robert L. & Busenitz, Marilyn J. (1991). Balantak phonology and morphophonemics. In Sneddon, J. N. (ed.) Studies in Sulawesi linguistics. Part II. Jakarta: NUSA. 29–47.Google Scholar
Clarke, Sandra (1982). North-West River (Sheshātshīt) Montagnais: a grammatical sketch. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada.Google Scholar
Crowley, Terry (1998). Ura. Munich: Lincom.Google Scholar
Crum, Beverly & Dayley, Jon P. (1993). Western Shoshoni grammar. Boise, Idaho: Department of Anthropology, Boise State University.Google Scholar
Dayley, Jon P. (1985). Tzutujil grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Dayley, Jon P. (1989). Tümpisa (Panamint) Shoshone grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
de Lacy, Paul (2001). Markedness in prominent positions. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 40. 53–66.Google Scholar
de Lacy, Paul (2002). Maximal words and the Maori passive. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 44. 137–156.Google Scholar
Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian languages: their nature and development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downing, Laura J. (1998). On the prosodic misalignment of onsetless syllables. NLLT 16. 1–52.Google Scholar
Elbert, Samuel H. & Pukui, Mary Kawena (1979). Hawaiian grammar. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elders, Stefan (2000). Grammaire mundang. PhD dissertation, University of Leiden.Google Scholar
Engelenhoven, Aone van (2004). Leti: a language of Southwest Maluku. Leiden: KITLV Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, Nicholas (2003). Bininj Gun-wok: a pan-dialectal grammar of Mayali, Kunwinjku and Kune. 2 vols. Canberra: Australian National University.Google Scholar
Everett, Daniel L. (1990). Minimality in Kama and Bawana. Ms, University of Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Everett, Daniel L. & Seki, Lucy (1985). Reduplication and CV skeleta in Kamaiurá. LI 16. 326–330.Google Scholar
Ferrer, Eduardo Blasco (1994). Ello Ellus: grammatica Sarda. Nuoro: Poliedro Edizioni.Google Scholar
Frajzyngier, Zygmunt (2001). A grammar of Lele. Stanford: CSLI.Google Scholar
Furby, Christine (1974). Garawa phonology. Canberra: Australian National University.Google Scholar
Gouskova, Maria (2003). Deriving economy: syncope in Optimality Theory. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.Google Scholar
Greenberg, Joseph H. (1941). Some problems in Hausa phonology. Lg 17. 316–323.Google Scholar
Gregores, Emma & Suárez, Jorge A. (1967). A description of colloquial Guaraní. The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagège, Claude (1967). Description phonologique du parler wori (sud-ouest du Cameroun). Journal of West African Linguistics 4:2. 15–34.Google Scholar
Hamilton, Philip J. (1996). Phonetic constraints and markedness in the phonotactics of Australian aboriginal languages. PhD dissertation, University of Toronto.Google Scholar
Harris, John & Gussmann, Edmund (1998). Final codas: why the west was wrong. In Cyran, Eugeniusz (ed.) Structure and interpretation: studies in phonology. Lublin: Folium. 139–162.Google Scholar
Harvey, Mark (1991). Glottal stop, underspecification, and syllable structures among the Top End languages. Australian Journal of Linguistics 11. 67–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hume, Elizabeth (1998). Metathesis in phonological theory: the case of Leti. Lingua 104. 147–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hume, Elizabeth & Tserdanelis, Georgios (2002). Labial unmarkedness in Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole. Phonology 19. 441–458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hyman, Larry M. (1978). Word demarcation. In Greenberg, Joseph H., Ferguson, Charles A. & Moravcsik, Edith A. (eds.) Universals of human language. Vol. 2: Phonology. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 443–470.Google Scholar
Itô, Junko & Mester, Armin (1994). Reflections on CodaCond and Alignment. In Merchant, Jason, Padgett, Jaye & Walker, Rachel (eds.) Phonology at Santa Cruz 3. Santa Cruz: Linguistics Research Center. 27–46.Google Scholar
Ito, Junko & Mester, Armin (2003). Weak layering and word binarity. In Honma, Takeru, Okazaki, Masao, Tabata, Toshiyuki & Tanaka, Shin-ichi (eds.) A new century of phonology and phonological theory: a Festschrift for Professor Shosuke Haraguchi on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday. Tokyo: Kaitakusha. 26–65.Google Scholar
Keegan, John M. (1997). A reference grammar of Mbay. Munich: Lincom.Google Scholar
Key, Harold & Key, Mary (1953). The phonemes of Sierra Nahuat. IJAL 19. 53–56.Google Scholar
Krishnamurti, Bh. & Benham, Brett A. (1998). Koṇḍa. In Steever, Sanford B. (ed.) The Dravidian languages. London & New York: Routledge. 241–269.Google Scholar
Lloyd, J. & Healey, A. (1970). Barua phonemes: a problem in interpretation. Linguistics 60. 33–48.Google Scholar
Lynch, John (2000). A grammar of Anejo. Canberra: Australian National University.Google Scholar
Mascaró, Joan & Wetzels, Leo (2001). The typology of voicing and devoicing. Lg 77. 207–244.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John & Prince, Alan (1986). Prosodic morphology. Ms, University of Massachusetts, Amherst & Brandeis University.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. & Prince, Alan (1993). Generalized alignment. Yearbook of Morphology 1993. 79–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, John J. (1998). Constraints on word edges. Handout for paper presented at Johns Hopkins University.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. (1999). Sympathy and phonological opacity. Phonology 16. 331–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner, G. B. (1958). Aspiration in two Polynesian languages. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 21. 368–375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mithun, Marianne & Basri, Hasan (1986). The phonology of Selayarese. Oceanic Linguistics 25. 210–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nespor, Marina & Vogel, Irene (1986). Prosodic phonology. Dordrecht: Foris.Google Scholar
Newell, Leonard E. (1956). Phonology of the Guhang Ifugao dialect. Philippine Journal of Science 85. 523–539.Google Scholar
Noonan, Michael (1992). A grammar of Lango. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oostendorp, Marc van (2004). Crossing morpheme boundaries in Dutch. Lingua 114. 1367–1400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Padgett, Jaye (2002). Constraint conjunction versus grounded constraint subhierarchies in Optimality Theory. Ms, University of California, Santa Cruz. Available as ROA-530 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar
Parker, Steve (2001). Non-optimal onsets in Chamicuro: an inventory maximised in coda position. Phonology 18. 361–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Payne, David L. (1981). The phonology and morphology of Axininca Campa. Arlington, Texas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.Google Scholar
Peasgood, Edward T. (1972). Carib phonology. In Grimes, Joseph E. (ed.) Languages of the Guianas. Norman: Summer Institute of Linguistics. 35–41.Google Scholar
Pike, Kenneth L. & Pike, Eunice Victoria (1947). Immediate constituents of Mazatec syllables. IJAL 13. 78–91.Google Scholar
Poppe, Nicholas (1970). Mongolian language handbook. Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Prentice, D. J. (1971). The Murut languages of Sabah. Canberra: Australian National University.Google Scholar
Prince, Alan & Smolensky, Paul (1993). Optimality Theory: constraint interaction in generative grammar. Ms, Rutgers University & University of Colorado, Boulder. Published 2004, Malden, Mass. & Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Prince, Alan (2002). Arguing Optimality. In Carpenter, Angela C., Coetzee, Andries W. & de Lacy, Paul (eds.) Papers in Optimality Theory II. Amherst: GLSA. 269–304.Google Scholar
Prost, R. P. A. (1956). La langue soŋay et ses dialectes. Dakar: IFAN.Google Scholar
Rennison, John R. (1997). Koromfe. London & New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Rutgers, Roland (1998). Yamphu: grammar, texts and lexicon. PhD dissertation, University of Leiden.Google Scholar
Sapir, Edward & Swadesh, Morris (1960). Yana dictionary. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Selkirk, Elisabeth (1981). On the nature of phonological representation. In Myers, Terry, Laver, John & Anderson, John (eds). The cognitive representation of speech. Amsterdam: North-Holland. 379–388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Selkirk, Elisabeth (1984). Phonology and syntax: the relation between sound and structure. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Selkirk, Elisabeth (1995). The prosodic structure of function words. In Beckman, Jill N., Dickey, Laura Walsh & Urbanczyk, Suzanne (eds.) Papers in Optimality Theory. Amherst: GLSA. 439–469.Google Scholar
Smith, Jennifer L. (2002). Phonological augmentation in prominent positions. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.Google Scholar
Smolensky, Paul (1995). On the internal structure of the constraint component Con of UG. Available as ROA-86 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar
Smolensky, Paul (1997). Constraint interaction in generative grammar II: local conjunction, or random rules in universal grammar. Paper presented at Hopkins Optimality Theory Workshop 1997/University of Maryland Mayfest 1997.Google Scholar
Smythe, W. E. (1948). Elementary grammar of the Gumbáiŋgar language (North Coast, N. S. W.). Sydney: Australian National Research Council.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sohn, Ho-Min (1975). Woleaian reference grammar. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii.Google Scholar
Sommer, B. A. (1969). Kunjen phonology: synchronic and diachronic. Canberra: Australian National University.Google Scholar
Spring, Cari (1990). Implications of Axininca Campa for prosodic morphology and reduplication. PhD dissertation, University of Arizona.Google Scholar
Stonham, John (1999). Aspects of Tsishaat Nootka phonetics and phonology. Munich: Lincom.Google Scholar
Sullivan, Thelma D. (1988). Compendio de la gramática náhuatl. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.Google Scholar
Tabain, Marija, Breen, Gavan & Butcher, Andrew (2004). VC vs. CV syllables: a comparison of Aboriginal languages with English. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34. 175–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teeter, Karl V. (1964). The Wiyot language. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California.Google Scholar
Trail, Ronald L. (1970). The grammar of Lamani. Norman: Summer Institute of Linguistics.Google Scholar
Truckenbrodt, Hubert (1999). On the relation between syntactic phrases and phonological phrases. LI 30. 219–255.Google Scholar
Tucker, A. N. (1967). The Eastern Sudanic languages. London: International African Institute.Google Scholar
Tyler, Stephen A. (1969). Koya: an outline grammar – Gommu dialect. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Van Haitsma, Julia Dieterman & Van Haitsma, Willard (1976). A hierarchical sketch of Mixe as spoken in San José El Paraíso. Norman: Summer Institute of Linguistics.Google Scholar
Waters, Bruce E. (1989). Djinang and Djinba: a grammatical and historical perspective. Canberra: Australian National University.Google Scholar
West, Birdie & Welch, Betty (1967). Phonemic system of Tucano. In Waterhouse, V. G. (ed.) Phonemic systems of Colombian languages. Norman: Summer Institute of Linguistics. 11–24.Google Scholar
Wiering, Elisabeth & Wiering, Marinus (eds.) (1986). The Doyayo language: selected studies. Arlington: Summer Institute of Linguistics & University of Texas at Arlington.Google Scholar
Williamson, Kay (1969). A grammar of the Kolokuma dialect ofỊjໍ. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wiltshire, Caroline (2003). Beyond codas: word and phrase-final alignment. In Féry, Caroline & Vijver, Ruben van de (eds.) The syllable in Optimality Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 254–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar