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A Crisis of Protection in Europe: Migrants at Sea

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 May 2017

Siobhán Mullally
Siobhán Mullally*
Affiliation:
University College Cork
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Abstract

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Type
Migrants at Sea: What Role for International Law?
Information
Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting , Volume 110 , 2016 , pp. 173 - 178
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 2016

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References

1 Wendy Brown, Walled States, Waning Sovereignty 20 (2010).

2 Council Decision (CFSP) 2015/778 2015 O.J. (L 122/31).

3 Brown, supra note 1.

4 Although referred to as an “Agreement,” its precise legal status is disputed. See European Council Press Release, EU-Turkey Statement (Mar. 18, 2016), at http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/03/18-eu-turkey-statement.

5 Case of Khlaifia and Others v. Italy, App. No. 16483/12, para. 156 (Eur. Ct. H.R. Sept. 1 2015).

6 Hirsi Jamaa v. Italy, App. No. 27765/09 (Eur. Ct. H.R. Feb. 23, 2012).

7 Sharifi and Others v. Italy and Greece, App. No. 16643/09 (Eur. Ct. H.R. Oct. 21, 2014).

8 Khlaifia, supra note 5, para.157; see, mutatis mutandis, Èonka v. Belgium, App. No. 51564/99, paras. 61–63 (Eur. Ct. H.R. Feb. 4, 2002).

9 Khlaifia, supra note 5, paras. 127-28.

10 Omoregie and Others v. Norway, App. No. 265/07, para. 54 (Eur. Ct. H.R. July 31, 2008).

11 Council Directive 2013/32/EU, 2013 O.J. (L 180/60). Greek Law 4375/2016 was adopted under urgent procedure on April 1, 2016.

12 M.S.S. v. Belgium & Greece, App. No. 30696/09 (Eur. Ct. H.R. Jan. 21, 2011). See UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Greece as a Country of Asylum – UNHCR's Recommendations (Apr. 6, 2015); Fifth Joint Submission of the International Commission of Jurists and the European Council on Refugees and Exile to the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe in the Case of M.S.S. v. Belgium & Greece and Related Cases (Mar. 2016), available at http://www.statewatch.org/news/2016/apr/ecre-icj-submission-coe-Greece-Committee-Ministers-5th-submission-legal-submission-2016.pdf.

13 M.S.S. v. Belgium & Greece, supra note 12. See, Cathryn Costello, The Human Rights of Migrants and Asylum Seekers in Europe 262 (2015).

14 M.S.S. v. Belgium & Greece, supra note 12, para. 251.

15 Id. at 91.

16 Id.

17 See, Council Decision 2015/1601, 2015 O.J. (L 248/80); Case C-643/15, Slovakia v. Council (E.C.R.); Case C-647/15, Hungary v. Council (E.C.R.).

18 UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Legal Considerations on the Return of Asylum-Seekers and Refugees from Greece to Turkey as Part of the EU-Turkey Cooperation in Tackling the Migration Crisis Under the Safe Third Country and First Country of Asylum Concept (Mar. 23, 2016), available at http://www.refworld.org/docid/56f3ee3f4.html.

19 Id. at 3.

20 Apostolis Fotiadis, Helena Smith & Patrick Kingsley, Syrian Refugee Wins Appeal Against Forced Return to Turkey, Guardian (May 20, 2016).

21 In 2015, 85,482 unaccompanied minors applied for asylum in the European Union, the majority of whom were Afghan nationals.

22 Letter from Thorbjørn Jagland, Secretary General, Council of Europe, to the Heads of Government of the Forty-Seven Member States of the Council of Europe (Mar. 2, 2016); Council of Europe, Protecting Children Affected by the Refugee Crisis: A Shared Responsibility, Secretary General's Proposals for Priority Actions, SG/ Inf (2016) 9 Final (Mar. 4, 2016).

23 Council of Europe Group of Experts on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings, Fifth General Report on GRETA's Activities (2016).

24 Rahimi v. Greece, App. No. 8687/08 (Eur. Ct. H.R. Apr. 5 2011).

25 More recently, a Report of the PACE Committee on Migration noted that “hundreds of children have been detained in the hotspots in inappropriate, poor conditions, at risk of abuse.” Parliamentary Assembly Council of Europe Committee on Migration, Refugees and Displaced Persons, Refugees at Risk in Greece 7, para. 13 (Apr. 22, 2016).

26 Jacqueline Bhabha, Child Migration and Human Rights in a Global Age 7 (2014).

27 Id. at 11.

28 Resnik, Judith, Law's Migration: American Exceptionalism, Silent Dialogues, and Federalism's Multiple Ports of Entry, 115 Yale L.J. 1564, 1565 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

29 Parliamentary Assembly Council of Europe Committee on Migration, Refugees and Displaced Persons, Lives Lost in the Mediterranean Sea: Who Is Responsible? (Mar. 29, 2012).

30 Michel de Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life xiii (Steven Rendall trans., 1984), cited in Law in Everyday Life 8 (Austin Sarat & Thomas R. Kearns eds., 1994).