Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T12:58:50.602Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

EFFECTS OF EMBODIED AND SELF-REFLECTED VIRTUAL REALITY ON ENGINEERING STUDENTS’ DESIGN COGNITION ABOUT NATURE

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 June 2023

Josh Trump
Affiliation:
Virginia Tech
Tripp Shealy*
Affiliation:
Virginia Tech
*
Shealy, Tripp, Virginia Tech, United States of America, tshealy@vt.edu

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The study presented in this paper investigated the impact of embodied and self-reflected virtual reality (VR) experiences on engineering design students' cognition and perception of nature-relatedness during the early conceptual design phase. Results showed that students who explored the design environment as a bird (embodied) or human (self) avatar were significantly more likely to explore a larger design space indicated by more semantically unique design concepts compared to students without the VR experience. Network graphs of the syntactic connection of design concepts revealed notable differences among the three groups. The bird avatar group showed more connections to nature-related and social concepts, while more technical concepts were central for the human avatar group, and concepts about money were more central to the control group. Finally, students who embodied the bird avatar had a significantly stronger perception of connection to nature compared to the human avatar and control group, with a small to medium effect size. The results suggest that embodied (as a bird) and self-reflected (as a human) VR experiences can enhance engineering students' design thinking and perception of connection to nature.

Type
Article
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is unaltered and is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use or in order to create a derivative work.
Copyright
The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press

References

Ahn, S.J., Bailenson, J. (2012), “Embodied Experiences in Immersive Virtual Environments: Effects on Proenvironmental Self-Efficacy and Behavior”. Available at: https://stanfordvr.com/mm/2011/VHIL-technical-report.pdf (Accessed: 02 April 2023).Google Scholar
Ahn, S.J., Bostick, J., Ogle, E., Nowak, K.L., McGillicuddy, K.T., Bailenson, J.N. (2016), “Experiencing Nature: Embodying Animals in Immersive Virtual Environments Increases Inclusion of Nature in Self and Involvement with Nature”, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, Vol. 21, pp. 399419. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12173CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartlett, W.K., Neumann, A., Meiforth, J. (2005), “Interactive Landscape Planning–Results of a pilot study in Koenigslutter am Elm, Germany”. Available at: https://archive.corp.at/cdrom2005/archiv/papers2005/CORP2005_WARREN_NEUMANN_MEIFORTH.pdf (Accessed 28 March 2023).Google Scholar
Bertram, C., Rehdanz, K. (2015), “The role of urban green space for human well-being”, Ecological Economics, Vol. 120, pp. 139152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.10.013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertrand, P., Guegan, J., Robieux, L., McCall, C.A., Zenasni, F. (2018), “Learning Empathy Through Virtual Reality: Multiple Strategies for Training Empathy-Related Abilities Using Body Ownership Illusions in Embodied Virtual Reality”, Frontiers in Robotics and AI, Vol. 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2018.00026CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Besthorn, F.H., Saleebey, D. (2003), “Nature, Genetics and the Biophilia Connection: Exploring Linkages with Social Work Values and Practice”, Advances in Social Work, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 118. https://doi.org/10.18060/39CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cascetta, E., Cartenì, A., Pagliara, F., Montanino, M. (2015), “A new look at planning and designing transportation systems: A decision-making model based on cognitive rationality, stakeholder engagement and quantitative methods”, Transport Policy, Vol. 38, pp. 2739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2014.11.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cobb, S.V.G. (1999), “Measurement of postural stability before and after immersion in a virtual environment”, Applied Ergonomics, Vol. 30, pp. 4757. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-6870(98)00038-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coroado, L.P. (2015), “VIARMODES: Visualization and Interaction in Immersive Virtual Reality for Architectural Design Process”, in: Martens, B, Wurzer, G, Grasl, T, Lorenz, WE and Schaffranek, R (Eds.), Real Time - Proceedings of the 33rd ECAADe Conference, Vienna, Austria, 16-18 September, Vol. 1, pp. 125134.Google Scholar
Dhakal, K.P., Chevalier, L.R. (2017) “Managing urban stormwater for urban sustainability: Barriers and policy solutions for green infrastructure application”, Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 203, pp. 171181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.07.065CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
EPA, 2011. Cleveland Consent Decree. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2013-09/documents/neorsd-cd.pdf (Accessed 27 March 2023).Google Scholar
Fox, J., Bailenson, J.N., Ricciardi, T. (2012), “Physiological responses to virtual selves and virtual others”, Journal of CyberTherapy & Rehabilitation, Vol. 5, pp. 6972.Google Scholar
Gero, J., Milovanovic, J. (2022), “Creation and characterization of design spaces”, DRS Biennial Conference Series, DRS 2022: Bilbao, 25 June - 3 July, Bilbao, Spain. https://doi.org/10.21606/drs.2022.265CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerry, L.J. (2017), “Virtual Reality as a Tool to Facilitate Empathy: Embodied Simulations and Perspective Taking in the Body of Another” Available at: https://josemariapoveda.com/images/facilitate.pdf (Accessed: 22 April 21).Google Scholar
Giroux, I., Faucher-Gravel, A., St-Hilaire, A., Boudreault, C., Jacques, C., Bouchard, S. (2013), “Gambling Exposure in Virtual Reality and Modification of Urge to Gamble”, Available at: https://home.liebertpub.com/cyber (Accessed: 20 March 22)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grinde, B., Patil, G.G. (2009), “Biophilia: Does Visual Contact with Nature Impact on Health and Well-Being?”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 6, pp. 23322343. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6092332CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Honnibal, M., Montani, I., Van Landeghem, S., Boyd, A. (2020), “spaCy: Industrial-strength Natural Language Processing in Python” Available at: https://github.com/explosion/spaCy (Accessed: 10 February 2022)Google Scholar
Hu, M., Shealy, T. (2020), “Overcoming status quo bias for resilient stormwater infrastructure: empirical evidence in neurocognition and decision-making”, Journal of Management in Engineering, Vol. 36, No. 4. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000771CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jamei, E., Mortimer, M., Seyedmahmoudian, M., Horan, B., Stojcevski, A. (2017) “Investigating the Role of Virtual Reality in Planning for Sustainable Smart Cities”, Sustainability, Vol. 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9112006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahneman, D. (2003), “A perspective on judgment and choice: mapping bounded rationality”, American Psychology Vol. 58, pp. 697720. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.9.697CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keeler, B.L., Hamel, P., McPhearson, T., Hamann, M.H., Donahue, M.L., Meza Prado, K.A., Arkema, K.K., Bratman, G.N., Brauman, K.A., Finlay, J.C., Guerry, A.D., Hobbie, S.E., Johnson, J.A., MacDonald, G.K., McDonald, R.I., Neverisky, N., Wood, S.A. (2019), “Social-ecological and technological factors moderate the value of urban nature”, Nature Sustainability, Vol. 2, pp. 2938. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0202-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kellert, S.R. (2018), Nature by Design: The Practice of Biophilic Design. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Kellert, S.R. (1995), The Biophilia Hypothesis. Island Press.Google Scholar
Kilteni, K., Groten, R., Slater, M. (2012), “The Sense of Embodiment in Virtual Reality”, Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments Vol. 21, pp. 373387. https://doi.org/10.1162/PRES_a_00124CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, S. (2014), “Decision Support Model for Introduction of Gamification Solution Using AHP”, The Scientific World Journal, e714239. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/714239CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Köppen, E., Meinel, C. (2015), “Empathy via Design Thinking: Creation of Sense and Knowledge”, in: Plattner, H., Meinel, C., Leifer, L. (Eds.), Design Thinking Research: Building Innovators, Understanding Innovation, Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 1528. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06823-7_2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kors, M., Spek, E., Bopp, J., Millenaar, K., Teutem, R.L. van, Ferri, G., Schouten, B. (2020), “The Curious Case of the Transdiegetic Cow, or a Mission to Foster Other-Oriented Empathy Through Virtual Reality”, CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Association for Computing Machinery, Honolulu, HI, pp. 113. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376748CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kourtesis, P., Collina, S., Doumas, L.A.A., MacPherson, S.E. (2019), “Validation of the Virtual Reality Neuroscience Questionnaire: Maximum Duration of Immersive Virtual Reality Sessions Without the Presence of Pertinent Adverse Symptomatology”, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, Vol. 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00417CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, L., Collins, A.M., Cheshmehzangi, A., Chan, F.K.S. (2020), “Identifying enablers and barriers to the implementation of the Green Infrastructure for urban flood management: A comparative analysis of the UK and China”, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, Vol. 54, 126770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126770CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ma, Y., Wright, J., Gopal, S., Phillips, N. (2020), “Seeing the invisible: From imagined to virtual urban landscapes”, Cities, Vol. 98, 102559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.102559CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Makarova, I., Khabibullin, R., Belyaev, E., Bogateeva, A. (2015), “The application of virtual reality technologies in engineering education for the automotive industry”, International Conference on Interactive Collaborative Learning (ICL), Firenze, Italy, 20-24 September, pp. 536544. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICL.2015.7318086CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markevych, I., Schoierer, J., Hartig, T., Chudnovsky, A., Hystad, P., Dzhambov, A.M., de Vries, S., Triguero-Mas, M., Brauer, M., Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J., Lupp, G., Richardson, E.A., Astell-Burt, T., Dimitrova, D., Feng, X., Sadeh, M., Standl, M., Heinrich, J., Fuertes, E. (2017), “Exploring pathways linking greenspace to health: Theoretical and methodological guidance”, Environmental Research, Vol. 158, pp. 301317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.028CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Markopoulos, A.P., Fragkou, A., Kasidiaris, P.D., Davim, J.P. (2015), “Gamification in engineering education and professional trainingInternational Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306419015591324CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martirosov, S., Kopeček, P. (2017), “Cyber Sickness in Virtual Reality - Literature Review”, Annals of DAAAM & Proceedings, pp. 07180726. https://doi.org/10.2507/28th.daaam.proceedings.101CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayer, F.S., Frantz, C.M. (2004), “The connectedness to nature scale: A measure of individuals’ feeling in community with nature”, Journal of Environmental Psychology Vol. 24, pp. 503515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2004.10.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murata, A., Miyoshi, T. (2000), “Effects of duration of immersion in a virtual environment on postural stability”, IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, pp. 961966. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSMC.2000.885974CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NEORSD, 2017. About Project Clean Lake – Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District. Available at: https://www.neorsd.org/community/about-the-project-clean-lake-program/ (Accessed: 20 November 2020).Google Scholar
Nisbet, E.K., Zelenski, J.M., Murphy, S.A. (2009), “The Nature Relatedness Scale: Linking Individuals’ Connection With Nature to Environmental Concern and Behavior”, Environment and Behavior Vol. 41, pp. 715740. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916508318748CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okeil, A. (2010), “Hybrid design environments: immersive and non-immersive architectural design”, Journal of Information Technology in Construction Vol. 15, pp. 202216. https://doi.org/10/16Google Scholar
Oswald, P.A. (1996), “The Effects of Cognitive and Affective Perspective Taking on Empathic Concern and Altruistic Helping”, The Journal of Social Psychology Vol. 136, pp. 613623. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1996.9714045CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Groundwork, Project, 2012. Lick Run Master Plan. Available at: https://www.projectgroundwork.org/downloads/lickrun/lick_run_master_plan.pdf (Accessed: 15 April 2023)Google Scholar
Randolph, J. (2003), Environmental Land Use Planning and Management, Island Press, Washington.Google Scholar
Rosenbloom, J. (2018), “Fifty Shades of Gray Infrastructure: Land Use and the Failure to Create Resilient Cities”, Washington Law Review, Vol. 93, pp. 317. Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wlr/vol93/iss1/7/ (Accessed: 20 March 2020)Google Scholar
Schultz, P.W. (2000), “Empathizing With Nature: The Effects of Perspective Taking on Concern for Environmental Issues”, Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 56, No. 3, pp. 391406. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00174CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scurati, G.W., Bertoni, M., Graziosi, S., Ferrise, F. (2021), “Exploring the Use of Virtual Reality to Support Environmentally Sustainable Behavior: A Framework to Design Experiences”, Sustainability Vol. 13, pp. 943. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020943CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singer, T., Klimecki, O.M. (2014) “Empathy and compassion”, Current Biology Vol. 24, pp. R875R878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.06.054CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stauskis, G. (2014), “Development of methods and practices of virtual reality as a tool for participatory urban planning: a case study of Vilnius City as an example for improving environmental, social and energy sustainability”, Energy, Sustainability, and Society, Vol. 4, No. 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/2192-0567-4-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Oijstaeijen, W., Van Passel, S., Cools, J. (2020), “Urban green infrastructure: A review on valuation toolkits from an urban planning perspective”, Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 267, 110603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110603CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vesely, É.-T. (2007), “Green for green: The perceived value of a quantitative change in the urban tree estate of New Zealand”, Ecological Economics, Vol. 63, 605615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.12.019CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Villagrasa, S., Fonseca, D., Durán, J. (2014), “Teaching case: applying gamification techniques and virtual reality for learning building engineering 3D arts”, Second International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality - TEEM. ACM Press, Salamanca, Spain, pp. 171177. https://doi.org/10.1145/2669711.2669896CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wamsler, C., Alkan-Olsson, J., Björn, H., Falck, H., Hanson, H., Oskarsson, T., Simonsson, E., Zelmerlow, F. (2020), “Beyond participation: when citizen engagement leads to undesirable outcomes for nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation”, Climatic Change, Vol. 158, pp. 235254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02557-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, P., Wu, P., Wang, J., Chi, H.-L., Wang, X. (2018), “A Critical Review of the Use of Virtual Reality in Construction Engineering Education and Training”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 15, pp. 1204. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061204CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xiang, Y., Liang, H., Fang, X., Chen, Y., Xu, N., Hu, M., Chen, Q., Mu, S., Hedblom, M., Qiu, L., Gao, T. (2021), “The comparisons of on-site and off-site applications in surveys on perception of and preference for urban green spaces: Which approach is more reliable?”, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, Vol. 58, 126961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126961CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xie, J., Chen, H., Liao, Z., Gu, X., Zhu, D., Zhang, J. (2017), “An integrated assessment of urban flooding mitigation strategies for robust decision making”, Environmental Modelling & Software Vol. 95, pp. 143155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2017.06.027CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yee, N., Bailenson, J. (2006), “Walk A Mile in Digital Shoes: The Impact of Embodied Perspective-Taking on The Reduction of Negative Stereotyping in Immersive Virtual Environments” Available at: https://stanfordvr.com/mm/2006/yee-digital-shoes.pdf (Accessed: 22 April 2021).Google Scholar