Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T06:39:10.154Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Solar and stellar flares and their impact on planets

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 September 2016

Kazunari Shibata
Kazunari Shibata*
Affiliation:
Kwasan and Hida Observatories, Kyoto University, Yamashina, Kyoto, Japan, 607-8471 email: shibata@kwasan.kyoto-u.ac.jp
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Recent observations of the Sun revealed that the solar atmosphere is full of flares and flare-like phenomena, which affect terrestrial environment and our civilization. It has been established that flares are caused by the release of magnetic energy through magnetic reconnection. Many stars show flares similar to solar flares, and such stellar flares especially in stars with fast rotation are much more energetic than solar flares. These are called superflares. The total energy of a solar flare is 1029 − 1032 erg, while that of a superflare is 1033 − 1038 erg. Recently, it was found that superflares (with 1034 − 1035 erg) occur on Sun-like stars with slow rotation with frequency once in 800 - 5000 years. This suggests the possibility of superflares on the Sun. We review recent development of solar and stellar flare research, and briefly discuss possible impacts of superflares on the Earth and exoplanets.

Keywords

stars:activitystars:flarestars:rotationstars:solar-typestars:starspots
Type
Contributed Papers
Information
Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union , Volume 11 , Symposium S320: Solar and Stellar Flares and their Effects on Planets , August 2015 , pp. 3 - 24
Copyright
Copyright © International Astronomical Union 2016 

References

Alexander, D. M. & Fletcher, L. 1999, Solar Phys., 190, 167 Google Scholar
Antiochos, S. K., DeVore, C. R., & Klimchuk, J. A. 1999, ApJ, 510, 485 Google Scholar
Archontis, V. & Hood, A. W. 2013, ApJ, 769, L21 Google Scholar
Asai, A., Yokoyama, T., Shimojo, M., & Shibata, K. 2004, ApJ, 605, L77 Google Scholar
Aschwanden, M. J., et al. 2000, ApJ, 535, 1047 Google Scholar
Aschwanden, M. J. 2002, Space Sci. Rev., 101, 1 Google Scholar
Aulanier, G., et al. 2013, A & A, 549, 66 Google Scholar
Baker, D. N. 2004, in Space Weather: The Physics Behind a Slogan, ed. Scherer, K., Fichtner, H., Heber, B., & Mall, U. (Lecture Notes in Physics, Vol. 656; Berlin: Springer), 3 Google Scholar
Balona, L. A. 2015, MNRAS, 447, 2714 Google Scholar
Balona, L. A., et al. 2015, MNRAS, 450, 956 Google Scholar
Bárta, M., Karlický, M., & Žemlička, R. 2008, Solar Phys., 253, 173 Google Scholar
Bastian, T. S., Benz, A. O., & Gary, D. E. 1998, ARAA, 36, 131 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benz, A. O. 2008, Living Reviews in Solar Physics, 5, 1 Google Scholar
Benz, A. O. & Guedel, M. 1994, A&A, 285, 621 Google Scholar
Benz, A. O. & Guedel, M. 2010, ARAA, 48, 241 Google Scholar
Bhattacharjee, A., et al. 2009, Phys. Plasmas, 16, 112102 Google Scholar
Carrington, R. C. 1859, MNRAS, 20, 13 Google Scholar
Carmichael, H. 1964, in Proc. of AAS-NASA Symp. on the Physics of Solar Flares, W. N. Hess (ed.), NASA-SP 50, p. 451Google Scholar
Candelaresi, S., Hillier, A., Maehara, H., et al. 2014, ApJ, 792, 67 Google Scholar
Cassak, P. A., Shay, M. A., & Drake, J. F. 2005, Physical Review Letters, 95, 235002 Google Scholar
Chen, P. F. 2011, Living Reviews in Solar Physics, 8, 1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, P. F. & Shibata, K. 2000, ApJ, 545, 524 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, C. Z., Ren, Y., Choe, G. S., & Moon, Y.-J. 2003, ApJ, 596, 1341 Google Scholar
Choe, G. S. & Cheng, C. Z. 2000, ApJ, 541, 449 Google Scholar
Cirtain, J. W., et al. 2007, Science, 318, 1580 Google Scholar
Cliver, E. W. & Svalgaard, L. 2004, Solar Phys., 224, 407 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, U., Laming, J. M., & Doschek, G. A. 1995, ApJ, 451, L79 Google Scholar
Feigelson, E. D. & Montmerle, T. 1999, ARAA, 37, 363 Google Scholar
Feynman, J. & Martin, S. F. 1995, JGR, 100, 3355 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Filippov, B., et al. 2015, MNRAS, 451, 1117 Google Scholar
Fletcher, L., et al. 2011, Space Sci. Rev., 159, 19 Google Scholar
Forbes, T. G. & Acton, L. W. 1996, ApJ, 459, 330 Google Scholar
Furth, H. P., Killeen, J., & Rosenbluth, M. 1963, Physics of Fluids, 6, 459 Google Scholar
Gershberg, R. E. 2005, Solar-Type Activity in Main-Sequence Stars (Berlin: Springer)Google Scholar
Guedel, M. 2002, ARAA, 40, 217 Google Scholar
Guedel, M. 2004, A&ARv, 12, 7 Google Scholar
Gosling, J. T. 1993, JGR, 98, 18937 Google Scholar
Gopalswamy, N., Tsurutani, B. T., & Yan, Y. 2015, PEPS, 2, 13 Google Scholar
Hawley, S. A., et al. 1995, ApJ, 453, 464 Google Scholar
Heinzel, P. & Kleint, L. 2014, ApJ, 794, L23 Google Scholar
Hirayama, T. 1974, Sol. Phys., 34, 323 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodgson, R. 1859, MNRAS, 20, 15 Google Scholar
Honda, S., Notsu, Y., Maehara, H., et al. 2015, PASJ, 67, 85.Google Scholar
Hudson, H. S., Haisch, B. & Strong, K. T., 1995, JGR, 100, 3473 Google Scholar
Inglis, A. R., Ireland, J., & Dominique, M. 2015, ApJ, 798, 108 Google Scholar
Isobe, H., Miyagoshi, T., Shibata, K., & Yokoyama, T. 2005, Nature, 434, 478 Google Scholar
Isobe, H., Miyagoshi, T., Shibata, K., & Yokoyama, T. 2006, PASJ, 58, 423 Google Scholar
Karlicky, M., Sobotka, M., & Jiricka, K. 1996, Solar Phys., 168, 375 Google Scholar
Kim, Y.-H., et al. 2005, ApJ, 622, 1240 Google Scholar
Kliem, B., Karlicky, M., & Benz, A. O. 2000, A& A, 360, 715 Google Scholar
Koch, D. G., Borucki, W. J., Basri, G., et al. 2010, ApJ, 713, L79 Google Scholar
Kopp, R. A. & Pneuman, G. W. 1976, Solar Phys., 50, 85 Google Scholar
Kosovichev, A. G. & Zharkova, V. V. 1998, Nature, 393, 317 Google Scholar
Kowalski, , et al. 2015, ApJ, 798, 107 Google Scholar
Koyama, K., et al. 1996, PASJ, 48, L87 Google Scholar
Kurokawa, H., Hanaoka, Y., Shibata, K., & Uchida, Y. 1987, Solar Phys., 79, 77 Google Scholar
Kusano, K., et al. 2012, ApJ, 760, 31 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, J., Ko, Y.-K., Sui, L., et al. 2005, ApJ, 622, 1251 Google Scholar
Loomis, E. 1861, Am. J. Sci., 82, 318 Google Scholar
Loureiro, N. F., Schekochihin, A. A., & Cowley, S. C. 2007, Phys. Plasmas, 14, 100703 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Low, B. C. 1996, Solar Phys., 167, 217 Google Scholar
McAllister, , et al. 1996, JGR, 101 (A6), 13497 Google Scholar
Maehara, H., Shibayama, T., Notsu, S., et al. 2012, Nature, 485, 478 Google Scholar
Maehara, H., Shibayama, T., Notsu, Y., et al. 2015, Earth, Planets and Space, 67, 59 Google Scholar
Magara, T., Shibata, K., & Yokoyama, T. 1997, ApJ, 487, 437 Google Scholar
Masuda, S., Kosugi, T., Hara, T., Tsuneta, S., & Ogawara, Y. 1994, Nature, 371, 495 Google Scholar
McKenzie, D. E. & Hudson, H. S. 1999, ApJ, 519, L93 Google Scholar
McKenzie, D. E. 2013, ApJ, 766, 39 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miyake, F., Nagaya, K., Masuda, K., & Nakamura, T. 2012, Nature, 486, 240 Google Scholar
Miyake, F., Masuda, K., & Nakamura, T. 2013, Nature Com, 4, 1748 Google Scholar
Moore, R. L., Sterling, A. C., Hudson, H. S., & Lemen, J. R. 2001, ApJ, 552, 833 Google Scholar
Munro, R. H., et al. 1979, Solar Phys., 61, 201 Google Scholar
Nagashima, K., et al. 2007, ApJ, 668, 533 Google Scholar
Nakariakov, V. M., et al. 2006, A& A, 452, 343 Google Scholar
Nishida, K., Shimizu, M., Shiota, D., Takasaki, H., Magara, T., & Shibata, K. 2009, ApJ, 690, 748 Google Scholar
Nishida, K., Nishizuka, N., & Shibata, K. 2013, ApJ, 775, L39 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishizuka, N., Takasaki, H., Asai, A., & Shibata, K. 2010, ApJ, 711, 1062 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishizuka, N. & Shibata, K. 2013, Phys. Rev. Let., 110, 051101 Google Scholar
Nogami, D., Notsu, Y., Honda, S., et al. 2014, PASJ 2014 66, L4 Google Scholar
Notsu, S., Honda, S., Notsu, Y., et al. 2013a, PASJ, 65, 112 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Notsu, Y., Shibayama, T., Maehara, H., et al. 2013b, ApJ, 771, 127 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Notsu, Y., Honda, S., Maehara, H., et al. 2015a, PASJ, 67, 32 Google Scholar
Notsu, Y., Honda, S., Maehara, H., et al. 2015b, PASJ, 67, 33 Google Scholar
Ohki, K. 1991, LNP, 387, 106 Google Scholar
Ohyama, M. & Shibata, K. 1997, PASJ, 49, 249 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ohyama, M. & Shibata, K. 1998, ApJ, 499, 934 Google Scholar
Ono, Y., et al. 2011, Physics of Plasma, 18, 11213 Google Scholar
Parker, E. N. 1979, Cosmical Magnetic Fields: Their Origin and their Activity, Clarendon Press; Oxford University Press, Oxford; New YorkGoogle Scholar
Pike, C. D. & Mason, H. E. 1998, Solar Phys., 182, 333 Google Scholar
Priest, E. R. & Forbes, T. G. 2000, Magnetic Reconnection, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Qiu, Jiong, Wang, Haimin, Cheng, C. Z. & Gary, Dale E. 2004, ApJ, 604, 900 Google Scholar
Rubenstein, E. P. & Schaefer, B. E. 2000, ApJ, 529, 1031 Google Scholar
Schrijver, C. J. et al. 2012, JGR, 117, A08103 Google Scholar
Saar, S. H. & Brandenburg, A. 1999, ApJ, 524, 295 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaefer, B. E., King, J. R., & Deliyannis, C. P. 2000, ApJ, 529, 1026 Google Scholar
Schmieder, B., Demoulin, P., & Aulanier, G. 2013, AdSR, 51, 1967 Google Scholar
Segura, A., et al. 2010, Astrobiology, 10, 751 Google Scholar
Shibata, K. & Uchida, Y. 1986, Solar Phys., 103, 299 Google Scholar
Shibata, K., Nozawa, S., & Matsumoto, R. 1992, PASJ, 44, 265 Google Scholar
Shibata, K., et al. 1995, ApJ, 451, L83 Google Scholar
Shibata, K. 1999, Astrophys. Space Sci., 264, 129 Google Scholar
Shibata, K. & Yokoyama, T. 1999, ApJ, 526, L49 Google Scholar
Shibata, K. & Tanuma, S. 2001, Earth, Planets & Space, 53, 473 Google Scholar
Shibata, K. & Yokoyama, T. 2002, ApJ, 577, 422 Google Scholar
Shibata, K., Nakamura, T., Matsumoto, T., et al. 2007, Science, 318, 1591 Google Scholar
Shibata, K. & Magara, T. 2011, Solar Flares: Magnetohydrodynamic Processes. Linving Reviews in Solar Physics, 8, 6 Google Scholar
Shibata, K., Isobe, H., Hillier, A., et al. 2013, PASJ, 65, 49 Google Scholar
Shibayama, T., Maehara, H., Notsu, S., et al. 2013, ApJS, 209, 5 Google Scholar
Shimizu, T. 1995, PASJ, 47, 251 Google Scholar
Shimizu, M., Nishida, K., Takasaki, H., et al. 2008, ApJ, 683, L203 Google Scholar
Shimojo, M., Hashimoto, S., Shibata, K., et al. 1996, PASJ, 48, 123 Google Scholar
Shimojo, M., et al. 2007, PASJ, 59, S745 Google Scholar
Shiota, D., et al. 2003, PASJ 55 L35. Google Scholar
Singh, K. A. P., Shibata, K., Nishizuka, N., & Isobe, H. 2011, Phys. Plasmas, 18, 111210 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, K. A. P., Isobe, H., Nishizuka, N., Nishida, K., & Shibata, K. 2012, ApJ, 759, 33 Google Scholar
Sterling, A. C., et al. 2015, Nature, 523, 437 Google Scholar
Sturrock, P. A. 1966, Nature, 211, 695 Google Scholar
Sui, L. & Holman, G. 2003, ApJ, 596, L251 Google Scholar
Svestka, Z. 1976, Solar Flares, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1976Google Scholar
Takasao, S., Asai, A., Isobe, H., & Shibata, K. 2012, ApJ, 745, L6 Google Scholar
Takasao, S., Isobe, H., & Shibata, K. 2013, PASJ, 65, 62 Google Scholar
Takasao, S., Fan, Y., Cheung, M., & Shibata, K. 2015, ApJ, 813, 112 Google Scholar
Tanuma, S., Yokoyama, T., Kudoh, T., & Shibata, K. 2001, ApJ, 551, 312 Google Scholar
Tajima, T., et al. 1987, ApJ, 321, 1031 Google Scholar
Tajima, T. & Shibata, K. 1997, Plasma Astrophysics, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA Google Scholar
Tsuneta, S., et al. 1992a, PASJ, 44, L63 Google Scholar
Tsuneta, S., et al. 1992b, PASJ, 44, L211 Google Scholar
Tsuneta, S. 1996, ApJ, 456, 840 Google Scholar
Tsuneta, S. 1997, ApJ, 483, 507 Google Scholar
Tsurutani, B. T., Gonzalez, W. D., Lakhina, G. S., & Alex, S. 2003, JGRA, 108, 1268 Google Scholar
Tsurutani, B. T. & Lakhina, G. S. 2014, GRL, 41, 287 Google Scholar
Wang, J. & Shi, Z. 1993, Solar Phys., 143, 119 Google Scholar
Wang, T., et al. 2002, ApJ, 572, 580 Google Scholar
Webb, D. F. & Howard, T. 2012, Living Reviews in Solar Physics, 9, 3 Google Scholar
Yamada, M., Kulsrud, R., & Ji, H. 2010, Rev. Mod. Phys., 82, 603 Google Scholar
Yashiro, S., et al. 2004, JGRA, 109, 7105 Google Scholar
Yokoyama, T. & Shibata, K. 1995, Nature, 375, 42 Google Scholar
Yokoyama, T. & Shibata, K. 1996, PASJ, 48, 353 Google Scholar
Yokoyama, T. & Shibata, K. 1998, ApJ, 494, L113 Google Scholar
Yokoyama, T. & Shibata, K. 2001, ApJ, 549, 1160 Google Scholar
Zhang, J., et al. 2001, ApJ, 559, 452 Google Scholar