Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T09:41:22.003Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Classes of conduct disorder symptoms and their life course correlates in a US national sample

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 September 2011

J. Breslau ,
N. Saito ,
D. J. Tancredi ,
M. Nock  and
S. E. Gilman
J. Breslau*
Affiliation:
RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
N. Saito
Affiliation:
University of California, Davis, Center for Health Policy and Research, Sacramento, CA, USA
D. J. Tancredi
Affiliation:
University of California, Davis, Department of Pediatrics, Sacramento, CA, USA
M. Nock
Affiliation:
Harvard University, Department of Psychology, Cambridge, MA, USA
S. E. Gilman
Affiliation:
Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Human Development, Society and Health, Boston, MA, USA
*
*Address for correspondence: Dr. J. Breslau, RAND Corporation, 4570 5th Ave # 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213–2665, USA. (Email: jabreslau@ucdavis.edu)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Population data on conduct disorder (CD) symptoms can help determine whether hypothesized subtypes of CD are sufficiently disparate in their familial, psychiatric and life course correlates to distinguish separate diagnostic entities.

Method

Latent class analysis (LCA) of CD symptoms occurring before age 15 was conducted in a national sample of adults aged 18–44 years from the National Epidemiological Study of Alcohol and Related Conditions. Associations of latent class membership with parental behavior problems, onset of psychiatric disorders and anti-social behaviors after age 15, adolescent life events (e.g. high school drop-out), and past-year life events (e.g. divorce/separation, bankruptcy) were estimated.

Results

LCA identified a no-CD class with low prevalence of all symptoms, three intermediate classes – deceit/theft, rule violations, aggression – and a severe class. The prevalence of CD, according to DSM-IV criteria, was 0% in the no-CD class, between 13.33% and 33.69% in the intermediate classes and 62.20% in the severe class. Latent class membership is associated with all the familial, psychiatric and life course outcomes examined. Among the intermediate classes, risk for subsequent mood/anxiety disorders and anti-social behavior was higher in the deceit/theft and aggressive classes than in the rule violations class. However, risk for adolescent life events is highest in the rule violations class.

Conclusions

CD symptoms tend to occur in a partially ordered set of classes in the general population. Prognostically meaningful distinctions can be drawn between classes, but only at low levels of symptoms.

Keywords

Conduct disorderepidemiologylatent class analysis
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 42 , Issue 5 , May 2012 , pp. 1081 - 1089
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Breslau, J, Miller, E, Joanie Chung, WJ, Schweitzer, JB (2011). Childhood and adolescent onset psychiatric disorders, substance use, and failure to graduate high school on time. Journal of Psychiatric Research 45, 295–301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burt, SA (2009). Are there meaningful etiological differences within antisocial behavior? Results of a meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review 29, 163–178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burt, SA, Hopwood, CJ (2010). A comparison of two different approaches to characterizing the heterogeneity within antisocial behavior: age-of-onset versus behavioral sub-types. Journal of Personality Disorders 24, 272–283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, S, Muthen, B (2009). Relating latent class analysis results to variables not included in the analysis (http://www.statmodel.com/download/relatinglca.pdf). Accessed 6 September 2011.Google Scholar
Copeland, WE, Miller-Johnson, S, Keeler, G, Angold, A, Costello, EJ (2007). Childhood psychiatric disorders and young adult crime: a prospective, population-based study. American Journal of Psychiatry 164, 1668–1675.Google Scholar
Eaves, LJ, Silberg, JL, Hewitt, JK, Rutter, M, Meyer, JM, Neale, MC, Pickles, A (1993). Analyzing twin resemblance in multisymptom data – genetic applications of a latent class model for symptoms of conduct disorder in juvenile boys. Behavior Genetics 23, 5–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eley, TC, Lichtenstein, P, Moffitt, TE (2003). A longitudinal behavioral genetic analysis of the etiology of aggressive and nonaggressive antisocial behavior. Development and Psychopathology 15, 383–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fergusson, DM, Horwood, LJ, Ridder, EM (2005). Show me the child at seven: the consequences of conduct problems in childhood for psychosocial functioning in adulthood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 46, 837–849.Google Scholar
Frick, PJ, Ellis, M (1999). Callous-unemotional traits and subtypes of conduct disorder. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 2, 149–168.Google Scholar
Frick, PJ, Lahey, BB, Loeber, R, Tannenbaum, L, Vanhorn, Y, Christ, MAG, Hart, EA, Hanson, K (1993). Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder – a meta-analytic review of factor-analyses and cross-validation in a clinic sample. Clinical Psychology Review 13, 319–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gelhorn, H, Hartman, C, Sakai, J, Mikulich-Gilbertson, S, Stallings, M, Young, S, Rhee, S, Corley, R, Hewitt, J, Hopfer, C, Crowley, T (2009). An item response theory analysis of DSM-IV conduct disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 48, 42–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldstein, RB, Compton, WM, Pulay, AJ, Ruan, WJ, Pickering, RP, Stinson, FS, Grant, BF (2007). Antisocial behavioral syndromes and DSM-IV drug use disorders in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 90, 145–158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldstein, RB, Dawson, DA, Chou, SP, Ruan, WJ, Saha, TD, Pickering, RP, Stinson, FS, Grant, BF (2008). Antisocial behavioral syndromes and past-year physical health among adults in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 69, 368–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldstein, RB, Grant, BF, Ruan, WJ, Smith, SM, Saha, TD (2006). Antisocial personality disorder with childhood- vs. adolescence-onset conduct disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 194, 667–675.Google Scholar
Grant, B, Dawson, D, Stinson, F, Chou, P, Kay, W, Pickering, R (2003 a). The Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-IV (AUDADIS-IV): reliability of alcohol consumption, tobacco use, family history of depression and psychiatric diagnostic modules in a general population sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 71, 7–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, BF, Kaplan, K, Shepard, J, Moore, T (2003 b). Source and Accuracy Statement for Wave 1 of the 2001–2002 National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: Bethesda, MD.Google Scholar
Hens, N, Aerts, M, Molenberghs, G (2006). Model selection for incomplete and design-based samples. Statistics in Medicine 25, 2502–2520.Google Scholar
Kessler, R, Merikangas, K (2004). The National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R): background and aims. Methods in Psychiatric Research 13, 60–68.Google Scholar
Kessler, RC (2002). The categorical versus dimensional assessment controversy in the sociology of mental illness. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 43, 171–188.Google Scholar
Kim-Cohen, J, Caspi, A, Moffitt, T, Harrington, H, Milne, B, Poulton, R (2003). Prior juvenile diagnoses in adults with mental disorder: developmental follow-back of a prospective-longitudinal cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry 60, 709–717.Google Scholar
Krueger, RF, Bezdjian, S (2009). Enhancing research and treatment of mental disorders with dimensional concepts: toward DSM-V and ICD-11. World Psychiatry 8, 3–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lahey, BB, Loeber, R, Quay, HC, Applegate, B, Shaffer, D, Waldman, I, Hart, EL, Mcburnett, K, Frick, PJ, Jensen, PS, Dulcan, MK, Canino, G, Bird, HR (1998). Validity of DSM-IV subtypes of conduct disorder based on age of onset. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 37, 435–442.Google Scholar
Laub, JH, Vaillant, GE (2000). Delinquency and mortality: a 50-year follow-up study of 1,000 delinquent and nondelinquent boys. American Journal of Psychiatry 157, 96–102.Google Scholar
Loeber, R, Burke, J, Pardini, DA (2009). Perspectives on oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and psychopathic features. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 50, 133–142.Google Scholar
Loeber, R, Schmaling, KB (1985). Empirical evidence for overt and covert patterns of antisocial conduct problems – a metaanalysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 13, 337–353.Google Scholar
Moffitt, TE (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial-behavior – a developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review 100, 674–701.Google Scholar
Monuteaux, M, Blacker, D, Biederman, J, Buka, S (2005). Symptomatic subtypes of conduct disorder: a critical review. In Psychology of Aggression (ed. Morgan, J. P.). Nova Science Publishers: New York.Google Scholar
Needham, R (1975). Polythetic classification: convergence and consequences. Man 10, 349–369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nock, MK, Kazdin, AE, Hiripi, E, Kessler, RC (2006). Prevalence, subtypes, and correlates of DSM-IV conduct disorder in the national comorbidity survey replication. Psychological Medicine 36, 699–710.Google Scholar
Nylund, KL, Asparouhov, T, Muthen, BO (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: a Monte Carlo simulation study Structural Equation Modeling – a Multidisciplinary Journal 14, 535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robins, E, Guze, SB (1970). Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness – its application to schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 126, 983–987.Google Scholar
Robins, LN (1991). Conduct disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 32, 193–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robins, LN (2004). Using survey results to improve the validity of the standard psychiatric nomenclature. Archives of General Psychiatry 61, 1188–1194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shivram, R, Bankart, J, Meltzer, H, Ford, T, Vostanis, P, Goodman, R (2009). Service utilization by children with conduct disorders: findings from the 2004 Great Britain child mental health survey. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 18, 555–563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sokal, RR (1974). Classification – purposes, principles, progress, prospects. Science 185, 1115–1123.Google Scholar
Tackett, JL, Krueger, RF, Sawyer, MG, Graetz, BW (2003). Subfactors of DSM-IV conduct disorder: evidence and connections with syndromes from the child behavior checklist. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 31, 647–654.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeitlin, H (1999). Psychiatric comorbidity with substance misuse in children and teenagers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 55, 225–234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Breslau Supplementary Material

Breslau Supplementary Material

Download Breslau Supplementary Material(File)
File 47.6 KB