Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T03:56:28.058Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The outcome of childhood conduct disorder: implications for defining adult personality disorder and conduct disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2009

Mark Zoccolillo ,
Andrew Pickles ,
David Quinton  and
Michael Rutter
Mark Zoccolillo*
Affiliation:
MRC Child Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, London
Andrew Pickles
Affiliation:
MRC Child Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, London
David Quinton
Affiliation:
MRC Child Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, London
Michael Rutter
Affiliation:
MRC Child Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, London
*
1 Address for correspondence: Dr Mark Zoccolillo, UCHSC, Suite 120, 1611 S. Federal Boulevard, Denver, CO 80219, USA.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Synopsis

The effect of conduct disorder on adult social functioning in the areas of work, sexual/love relationships, social relationships and criminality was studied in a sample of young adults who spent much of their childhoods in group-cottage children's homes and an inner-city comparison group. Most subjects with conduct disorder had pervasive (but not necessarily severe) social difficulties compared to peers without conduct disorder. Less than half of this group met DSM-III adult criteria for antisocial personality disorder and just over half were given a diagnosis of personality disorder on interviewer clinical ratings. A latent class model that used both the retrospective and contemporaneous indicators of conduct disorder confirmed the very high continuity with adult social difficulties. Current diagnoses did not adequately describe this group and conduct disorder appeared to be an almost necessary condition for multiple social disability in adults in these samples.

Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 22 , Issue 4 , November 1992 , pp. 971 - 986
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Aitken, M., Anderson, D, Fraser, B. & Hinde, J. (1989). Statistical Modelling in GLIM. Oxford University Press: Oxford.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn) – DSM-III. American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Andrulonis, P. A. & Vogel, N. G. (1984). Comparison of borderline personality subcategories to schizophrenic and affective disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry 144, 358–363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, R. S. & Nelder, S. A. (1978). The GLIM System, Release 3: Generalized Linear Interactive Modelling. Royal Statistical Society: London.Google Scholar
Bohman, M., Cloninger, C. R., von Knorring, A. L. & Sigvardson, S. (1984). An adoption study of somatoform disorders. III. Crossfostering analysis and genetic relationship to alcoholism and criminality. Archives of General Psychiatry 41, 872–878.Google Scholar
Coleman, J. S. (1964 a). Models of Change and Response Uncertainty. Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ.Google Scholar
Coleman, J. S. (1964 b). Introduction to Mathematical Sociology. Free Press of Glencoe: New York.Google Scholar
Dunn, G. (1981). The role of linear models in psychiatric epidemiology. Psychological Medicine 11, 179–184.Google Scholar
EGRET (1990). EGRET Reference Manual 1st draft. Statistical and Epidemiological Research Corporation: Seattle, WA.Google Scholar
Everitt, B. S. & Dunn, G. (1983). Advanced Methods of Data Exploration and Modelling. Heinemann Educational Books: London.Google Scholar
Farrington, D. P., Loeber, R. & Van Kammen, W. B. (1990). Longterm criminal outcomes of hyperactivity –impulsivity–attention deficit and conduct problems in childhood. In Straight and Devious Pathways from Childhood to Adulthood (ed. Robins, L. N. and Rutter, M.), pp. 62–81. Cambridge University Press: New York.Google Scholar
Fergusson, D. M. & Horwood, L. J. (1989). A latent class model of smoking experimentation in children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 30, 761–774.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodwin, D. G. & Guze, S. B. (1984). Psychiatric Diagnosis. Oxford University Press: New York.Google Scholar
Henn, F. A., Bardwell, R. & Jenkins, R. L. (1980). Juvenile delinquents revisited. Archives of General Psychiatry 37, 1160–1163.Google Scholar
Hill, J., Harrington, R., Fudge, H., Rutter, M. & Pickles, A. (1989). The Adult Personality Functioning Assessment: development and reliability. British Journal of Psychiatry 155, 24–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loeber, R. (1988). Behavioural precursors and accelerators of delinquency. In Explaining Crime (ed. Buikhuisen, W. and Mendick, S. A.), pp. 51–67. Brill: Leiden.Google Scholar
Loeber, R. (1990). Development and risk factors of juvenile antisocial behaviour and delinquency. Clinical Psychology Review 10, 1–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loeber, R. & Hay, D. (1993). Developmental approaches to aggression and conduct problems. In Developmental Principles and Clinical Issues in Psychology and Psychiatry (ed. Rutter, M. and Hay, D.). Blackwell Scientific: Oxford. (In the press.)Google Scholar
McCullagh, P. (1977). Regression models for ordered data. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B 42, 109–142.Google Scholar
McCullagh, P. & Nelder, J. A. (1983). Generalized Linear Models. Chapman and Hall: London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magnusson, D. (ed). (1988). Paths Through Life: A Longitudinal Research Program. Erlbaum: Hillsdale NJ.Google Scholar
Numerical Algorithms Group (1989). NAG Fortran Subroutine Library, Mark 16. Numerical Algorithms Group: Oxford.Google Scholar
Parker, J. G. & Asher, S. R. (1987). Peer relations and later personal adjustment: are low-accepted children at risk? Psychological Bulletin 102, 357–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pope, H. G., Jones, J. M., Hudson, J. I., Cohen, B. M. & Gunderson, J. G. (1983). The validity of DSM-III borderline personality disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 40, 23–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quinton, D. & Rutter, M. (1988). Parenting Breakdown: The Making and Breaking of Inter-Generational Links. Avebury: Aldershot.Google Scholar
Quinton, D., Rutter, M. & Liddle, C. (1984). Institutional rearing, parenting difficulties and marital support. Psychological Medicine 14, 107–124.Google Scholar
Quinton, D., Gulliver, L. & Rutter, M. (1990). Continuities in psychiatric disorders from childhood to adulthood in the children of psychiatric patients. In Straight and Devious Pathways from Childhood to Adulthood (ed. Robins, L. and Rutter, M.), pp. 259–278. Cambridge University Press: New York.Google Scholar
Robins, L. N. (1966). Deviant Children Grown Up. Williams and Wilkins: Baltimore.Google Scholar
Robins, L. N. (1978). Sturdy childhood predictors of adult antisocial behaviour: replications from longitudinal studies. Psychological Medicine 8, 611–622.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robins, L. N. (1986). The consequences of conduct disorder in girls. In Development of Antisocial and Prosocial Behaviour: Research, Theories and Issues (ed. Olweus, D., Block, J. and Radke-Yarrow, M.), pp. 385–414. Academic Press: New York.Google Scholar
Robins, L. N. (1991). Conduct disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry Annual Review 32, 193–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robins, L. N. & McEvoy, L. (1990). Conduct problems as predictors of substance abuse. In Straight and Devious Pathways from Childhood to Adulthood (ed. Robins, L. and Rutter, M.), pp. 182–204. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.Google Scholar
Russell, G. F. M. & Hersov, L. (eds) (1983). Handbook of Psychiatry 4: The Neuroses and Personality Disorders. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1967). A children's behaviour questionnaire for completion by teachers: preliminary findings. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 8, 1–11.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1987). Temperament, personality and personality disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 150, 443–458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rutter, M. & Giller, H. (eds) (1983). juvenile Delinquency: Trends and Perspectives. Penguin: Harmondsworth, Middlesex.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. & Quinton, D. (1981). Longitudinal studies of institutional children and children of mentally ill parents (United Kingdom). In Prospective Longitudinal Research: An Empirical Basis for the Primary Prevention of Psychosocial Disorders (ed. Mednick, S. A. and Baert, A. E.), pp. 297–305. Oxford University Press: Oxford.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. & Quinton, D. (1984). Parental psychiatric disorder: effects on children. Psychological Medicine 14, 853–880.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rutter, M. & Wolkind, S. (1973). Children who have been in care. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 14, 97–105.Google Scholar
Rutter, M., Tizard, J. & Whitmore, K. (eds) (1970). Education Health and Behaviour. Longmans: London.Google Scholar
Rutter, M., MacDonald, H., Le Couteur, A., Harrington, R., Bolton, P. & Bailey, A. (1990 a). Genetic factors in child psychiatric disorders II Empirical findings. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 31, 39–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rutter, M., Quinton, D. & Hill, J. (1990 b) Adult outcome of institution-reared children: Males and females compared. In Straight and Devious Pathways from Childhood to Adulthood (ed. Robins, L. and Rutter, M.), pp. 135–157. Cambridge University Press: New York.Google Scholar
Soloff, P. H. & Millward, J. W. (1983). Developmental histories of borderline patients. Comprehensive Psychiatry 24, 574–588.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolkind, S. & Renton, G. (1979). Psychiatric disorders in long-term residential care: a follow-up study. British Journal of Psychiatry 135, 129–135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization (1978). International Classification of Diseases (9th edn.). WHO: Geneva.Google Scholar
Young, M. A. (1983). Evaluating diagnostic criteria: a latent class paradigm. Journal of Behavioural Research 17, 285–296.Google Scholar
Zeitlin, H. (1986). The Natural History of Disorder in Childhood. Institute of Psychiatry/Maudsley Monograph No. 29. Oxford University Press: Oxford.Google Scholar
Zoccolillo, M. & Rogers, K. (1991). Characteristics and outcome of hospitalized adolescent girls with conduct disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 30, 973–981.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zoccolillo, M. S. & Cloninger, C. R. (1986). Somatization disorder: psychologic symptoms, social disability, and diagnosis. Comprehensive Psychiatry 27, 65–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed