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Mortality in vegetarians and non-vegetarians: a collaborative analysis of 8300 deaths among 76,000 men and women in five prospective studies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 March 1998

Timothy J Key ,
Gary E Fraser ,
Margaret Thorogood ,
Paul N Appleby ,
Valerie Beral ,
Gillian Reeves ,
Michael L Burr ,
Jenny Chang-Claude ,
Rainer Frentzel-Beyme  and
Jan W Kuzma
...Show all authors
Timothy J Key*
Affiliation:
Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Oxford OX2 6HE, UK
Gary E Fraser
Affiliation:
Center for Health Research, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, USA
Margaret Thorogood
Affiliation:
Department of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
Paul N Appleby
Affiliation:
Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Oxford OX2 6HE, UK
Valerie Beral
Affiliation:
Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Oxford OX2 6HE, UK
Gillian Reeves
Affiliation:
Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Oxford OX2 6HE, UK
Michael L Burr
Affiliation:
Centre for Applied Public Health Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
Jenny Chang-Claude
Affiliation:
Division of Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
Rainer Frentzel-Beyme
Affiliation:
Bremer Institut für Präventionsforschung und Sozialmedizin, Bremen, Germany
Jan W Kuzma
Affiliation:
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, USA
Jim Mann
Affiliation:
Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Klim McPherson
Affiliation:
Department of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
*
*Corresponding author: E-mail key@icrf.icnet.uk.
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Abstract

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Objective:

To compare the mortality rates of vegetarians and non-vegetarians.

Design:

Collaborative analysis using original data from five prospective studies. Death rate ratios for vegetarians compared to non-vegetarians were calculated for ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, cancers of the stomach, large bowel, lung, breast and prostate, and for all causes of death. All results were adjusted for age, sex and smoking. A random effects model was used to calculate pooled estimates of effect for all studies combined.

Setting:

USA, UK and Germany.

Subjects:

76, 172 men and women aged 16–89 years at recruitment. Vegetarians were those who did not eat any meat or fish (n = 27,808). Non-vegetarians were from a similar background to the vegetarians within each study.

Results:

After a mean of 10.6 years of follow-up there were 8330 deaths before the age of 90 years, including 2264 deaths from ischaemic heart disease. In comparison with non-vegetarians, vegetarians had a 24% reduction in mortality from ischaemic heart disease (death rate ratio 0.76, 95% CI 0.62–0.94). The reduction in mortality among vegetarians varied significantly with age at death: rate ratios for vegetarians compared to non-vegetarians were 0.55 (95% CI 0.35—0.85), 0.69 (95% CI 0.53–0.90) and 0.92 (95% CI 0.73–1.16) for deaths from ischaemic heart disease at ages <65, 65–79 and 80–89 years, respectively. When the non-vegetarians were divided into regular meat eaters (who ate meat at least once a week) and semi-vegetarians (who ate fish only or ate meat less than once a week), the ischaemic heart disease death rate ratios compared to regular meat eaters were 0.78 (95% CI 0.68–0.89) in semi-vegetarians and 0.66 (95% CI 0.53–0.83) in vegetarians (test for trend P<0.001). There were no significant differences between vegetarians and non-vegetarians in mortality from the other causes of death examined.

Conclusion:

Vegetarians have a lower risk of dying from ischaemic heart disease than non-vegetarians.

Keywords

VegetarianMortalityIschaemic heart diseaseColorectal cancer
Type
Research Article
Information
Public Health Nutrition , Volume 1 , Issue 1 , March 1998 , pp. 33 - 41
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1998

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