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Five Hundred Years of Italian Scholarship on Machiavelli's Prince

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 October 2013

Giovanni Giorgini
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Abstract

Machiavelli's Prince circulated widely in manuscript form in Italy way before its publication in 1532. Its reception was mixed from the start: some readers found in it a frank, sometimes ironic, description for the benefit of the people of the evil means used by bad rulers; others read in it evil recommendations to tyrants to help them maintain their power. The history of the reception of the Prince in Italy discloses a book with many facets: the impious and amoral Machiavelli of the Jesuits; the republican champion of the people, who unveiled the evil practices of tyrants, of the Enlightenment and Romantic readers; the citizen and patriot who fought for the liberation of Italy of the “Risorgimento”; the nationalist author who realized the limits of popular sovereignty and the necessity of force during the Fascist era; and many more Machiavellis and Princes present in Italy in the past five hundred years.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Review of Politics , Volume 75 , Special Issue 4: Machiavelli's Prince , Fall 2013 , pp. 625 - 640
Copyright
Copyright © University of Notre Dame 2013 

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References

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2 Three were written by Machiavelli's friend Biagio Buonaccorsi, who urged the recipient of one copy to defend the work against those who would criticize it simply “out of malice or envy”: see Kahn, V., “Machiavelli's Afterlife and Reputation to the Eighteenth Century,” in The Cambridge Companion to Machiavelli, ed. Najemy, J. M. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 239–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Richardson, B., “The Prince and Its Early Italian Readers,” in Niccolò Machiavelli's “The Prince”: New Interdisciplinary Essays, ed. Coyle, M. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1985), 18–39Google Scholar; Gaeta, F., “Appunti sulla fortuna del pensiero politico di Machiavelli in Italia,” in Il pensiero politico di Machiavelli e la sua fortuna nel mondo (Florence: Istituto Nazionale di Studi sul Rinascimento, 1972), 21–36Google Scholar.

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5 Renaissance writers appropriated texts liberally and creatively and did not have our current standards of citation: hence it is misleading to speak of “plagiarizing” without qualification. See the remarks in Larivaille, B. and Pernet-Beau, S., Une réécriture du Prince de Machiavel, le De Regnandi Peritia de Agostino Nifo, bilingual ed. (Université de Paris-Nanterre X: Centre de Recherches de Langue et Littérature Italiennes, 1987)Google Scholar; see also Borsetto, L., Il furto di Prometeo: Imitazione, scrittura, riscrittura nel Rinascimento (Alessandria: Edizioni dell'Orso, 1990)Google Scholar; Grafton, A., Forgers and Critics: Creativity and Duplicity in Western Scholarship (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990)Google Scholar.

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7 The literature includes such works as Bartolomeo Platina, De vero principe (1481), Giuniano Maio, De maiestate (1492), Francesco Patrizi, De regno (1494), and Giovanni Pontano, De principe liber (1503). See Cosentino, P., “Un plagio del Principe: il De regnandi peritia di Agostino Nifo,” Semestrale di Studi (e Testi) Italiani 1 (1998): 139–60Google Scholar. On the Speculum Principis literature see the classic Gilbert, F., “The Humanist Concept of the Prince and The Prince of Machiavelli,” Journal of Modern History 11 (1939): 449–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On Nifo, and more generally the early reception of Machiavelli, see Anglo, S., Machiavelli: The First Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005)Google Scholar. Finally, see Procacci, G., Studi sulla fortuna del Machiavelli (Rome: Istituto Storico Italiano per l'Età Moderna e Contemporanea, 1965)Google Scholar and Machiavelli nella cultura europea dell'età moderna (Rome: Laterza, 1995)Google Scholar.

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12 In fact, it was the obscure Francesco Tarugi, a former secretary to the Dieci di Pratica, who got the position on June 10, 1527; Machiavelli died eleven days later. Giannotti was appointed secretary on September 23, 1527, when Machiavelli was already dead.

13 B. Varchi, Storia fiorentina IV, 5. This judgment echoes the words written by Giambattista Busini in a letter to Varchi dated January 23, 1549: “the entire city hated him because of the Prince: to the wealthy it seemed that his Prince was a document intended to teach the duke how to deprive them of their entire property, to the poor to deprive them of all their liberty. The Piagnoni regarded him as heretic, the good as dishonest, the bad as one more depraved or more crafty than them, so that everyone hated him.” Busini added that Machiavelli “loved liberty extraordinarily” (Lettere di Giambattista Busini a Benedetto Varchi sopra l'assedio di Firenze, ed. Milanesi, G. [Florence: Le Monnier, 1861], 84–85Google Scholar).

14 Or, more accurately, second publisher since Giunta's edition in May 1532 was preceded by a few months by Blado's (January 1532). In his dedicatory letter, Giunta compared Machiavelli to a physician who describes poison as well as medicines so that people can stay away from them.

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45 The necessity of “force,” together with “consensus,” was also the gist of Mussolini's previous article sent to Gerarchia, an onslaught on liberalism, deemed to be old-fashioned as a method of government: Mussolini, B., “La forza e il consenso,” Gerarchia 2, no. 3 (March 1923)Google Scholar.

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48 Chabod argued against Meinecke and his idea that The Prince had been written in different stages. This idea has been recently revived by Mario Martelli, who argued that Machiavelli wrote two versions, one “in haste” in 1513 and one with additions and alterations in 1518. The notion of the two versions was rejected by Sasso; Giorgio Inglese, in his introduction to The Prince, stated that even if Machiavelli did make changes to the text, these do not date further than May 1514. For the sources and an informative and well-balanced account see Russo, F., Bruto a Firenze (Naples: Editoriale Scientifica, 2008)Google Scholar. I agree with Gennaro Barbuto that, lacking the manuscript copy of The Prince, the problem of its dating cannot be solved once and for all: however, we know from a letter of Niccolò Guicciardini to his father Luigi that a manuscript copy already circulated in the summer of 1517. See Barbuto, G., Machiavelli (Rome: Salerno Editrice, 2013): 126–28Google Scholar.

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