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Our Lady reconsidered: John Knox and the Virgin Mary
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 April 2014
Abstract
The cult of the Virgin Mary had a complicated history in Scotland during the sixteenth century, with historical, devotional and literary evidence indicating both widespread acceptance of the church's traditional practices and growing dissatisfaction with them, particularly in elite culture. Anti-Marian polemics entered Scottish Christianity through various sources, including the Lollards around Kyle, the prominent witness of Patrick Hamilton, the preaching of Thomas Guillaume and George Wishart, the theological climate at St Leonard's college in St Andrews, as well as a number of popular works.
John Knox (1514–72) incorporated many of his contemporaries’ concerns in his own treatment of the question, being trained at St Andrews University and heavily influenced by Guillaume and Wishart. Knox considered the cult of Mary using the same tool that he used to analyse the cult of the saints in general, the mass, and liturgical ritual, contending that they could not be reconciled with his stringent doctrine of sola scriptura, in particular as read through the lens of Deuteronomy 12:32.
Yet for all that Mary and her place in Christian life and devotion formed a major aspect of sixteenth-century Scottish religious praxis, Knox gave little attention to her, preferring to indicate her proper place in Christian theology by presenting a vision of Christianity which omitted her almost entirely. Knox does indirectly indicate what he considers to be the proper Christian attitude towards the Virgin, however, through his explication of sola scriptura and its implications for genuine religious practice as opposed to idolatry, and his understanding of 1 Timothy 2:5 and the unique mediation of Christ. Where Knox does directly address the Marian question, he expresses his rejection of her cult in far more restrained terms than readers of his polemics against the mass may expect; while he is firm and unequivocal in denying Mary's intercessory role and in uprooting Marian devotional practice, his rhetorical restraint points to the irreducible dignity of Mary in the scriptural texts.
This article analyses the theology of Mary which Knox reveals in occasional comments scattered through his writings and attempts to place his ideas in their historical and theological context. By explicating the precise nature of Knox's objection to the cult of Mary, the article attempts to open the door for future Reformed–Catholic dialogue on the person of Mary and her place in the church of Christ.
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- Copyright © Scottish Journal of Theology Ltd 2014
References
1 Cranstoun, James (ed.), Satirical Poems of the Time of the Reformation, vol. 2 (Edinburgh and London: Scottish Text Society, 1891), pp. 334, 336Google Scholar.
2 To the best of my knowledge, only the following passages bear directly on Mary: The Works of John Knox, ed. David Laing, 6 vols (Edinburgh: Wodrow Society, 1846–64): 1:10, 1:18, 1:39, 1:68, 1:76 (editor's footnote), 1:162–3 (regarding the saints in general), 1:169, 1:227, 2:98, 2:99, 2:102, 2:103, 2:146, 2:185–6, 2:188–9 (regarding the saints in general), 3:16, 3:26, 3:50, 3:98, 3:243, 3:366, 4:169, 6:318–19.
3 The closest approximation is Cummings, Owen F., ‘Mary, the Reformation, and Some Scots! In Memory of John Macquarrie (1919–2007)’, New Blackfriars 90 (Nov. 2009), pp. 665–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar, but the article deals almost exclusively with Macquarrie's Mariology, referring to Knox only once.
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26 Ibid.
27 The Works of Sir David Lindsay of the Mount (Edinburgh: Peter Williamson & C. Elliot, 1776), p. 69.
28 Ibid., p. 57.
29 The Richt Vay to the Kingdom of Heuine by John Gau, ed. A. F. Mitchell (Edinburgh: Scottish Text Society, 1888), p. 101.
30 Donaldson, Faith of the Scots, p. 68.
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41 For Wishart's view of the matter, cf. ibid., 1:162–5.
42 Ibid., 4:518.
43 Ibid., 3:69.
44 Ibid., 3:50–1.
46 Ibid., 2:185–6. Cf. 6:501.
47 Ibid., 3:38.
48 Ibid., 3:34.
49 Durkan, ‘Cultural Background’, p. 303. Cf. Works, ed. Laing, 2:188–9.
50 Kirk, ‘Iconoclasm and Reform’, p. 375.
51 Works, ed. Laing, 3:98.
52 Ibid., 3:96.
53 Ibid., 3:95; for the saints in heaven, cf. ibid., 3:97.
54 Ibid., 2:99, 102, 146, 6:318–19.