Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T05:03:22.022Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Review of Sociological Literature on Intercountry Adoption

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 April 2012

Indigo Willing
Affiliation:
School of Social Science, University Of Queensland E-mail: i.willing@uq.edu.au
Patricia Fronek
Affiliation:
School of Human Services and Social Work, Griffith University E-mail: p.fronek@griffith.edu.au
Denise Cuthbert
Affiliation:
School of Graduate Research, RMIT University E-mail: denise.cuthbert@rmit.edu.au

Abstract

This review surveys sociological literature on intercountry adoption from 1997 to 2010. The analysis finds a preponderance of literature from the United States, reflecting its place as a major receiving country, and a focus on adoption experience organised by reference to the adoption triad: adoptive parents, adoptees, birth families. Reflecting the power imbalances in intercountry adoption, the voices and views of adoptive parents dominate the literature. There is an emerging literature generated by researchers who are intercountry adoptees, while birth families remain almost invisible in this literature. A further gap identified by this review is work which examines intercountry adoption as a global social practice and work which critically examines policy.

Type
Themed Section on Waiting for a Better World: Critical and Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Intercountry Adoption
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adoption Council of Canada (n.b.) ‘Resources for adoption professionals and other important publications’, http://www.adoption.ca/books [accessed 01.02.2012].Google Scholar
Anagnost, A. (2000) ‘Scenes of misrecognition: maternal citizenship in the age of transnational adoption’, Positions, 8, 2, 389421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, M. (2008) ‘Restructuring reproduction: international and national pressures’, Journal of Sociology, 44, 1, 6581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balsari, S., Lemery, J., Williams, T. P. and Nelson, B. D. (2010) ‘Protecting the children of Haiti’, The New England Journal of Medicine, 362, 9, 14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Basch, L., Glick Schiller, N. and Szanton Blanc, C. (2000) Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and De-territorialized Nation-States, Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers.Google Scholar
Bauman, Z. (2001) Liquid Modernity, Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Bauman, Z. (2003) Liquid Love: On the Frailty of Human Bonds, Cambridge: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Beck, U. (2000) ‘The cosmopolitan perspective: sociology of the second age of modernity’, British Journal of Sociology, 51, 1, 79105.Google Scholar
Beck-Gernsheim, E. (1998) ‘On the way to a post-familiar family: from a community of need to elective affinities’, Theory, Culture and Society, 15, 3, 5370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck-Gernsheim, E. (2002) Reinventing the Family: In Search of New Lifestyles, Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Berger, P. and Luckman, T. (1967) The Social Construction of Reality, New York: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Berquist, K. (2009) ‘Operation Babylift or Babyabduction?: implications of the Hague Convention on the humanitarian evacuation and “rescue” of children’, International Social Work, 52, 5, 621–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bos, P. (2007) ‘Once a mother: relinquishment and adoption from the perspective of unmarried mothers in south india’, Ph.D. thesis, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Breuning, M. and Ishiyama, J. (2009) ‘The politics of intercountry adoption: explaining variation in the legal requirements of Sub-Saharan African countries’, Perspectives on Politics, 7, 1, 89101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brookfield, T. (2009) ‘Maverick mothers and mercy flights: Canada's controversial introduction to international adoption’, Journal of the Canadian Historical Association, 19, 1, 307–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryceson, D. and Vuorela, U. (eds.) (2002) The Transnational Family: New European Frontiers and Global Networks, Oxford: Berg.Google Scholar
Chen, X. (2003) ‘“Parents go global”: report on an Intercountry Adoption Research Project’, Variegations, 1, 1014.Google Scholar
Cherot, N. (2008) ‘Transnational adoptees: global biopolitical orphans or an activist community?’, Culture Machine, http://www.culturemachine.tees.ac.uk/Cmach/Backissues/j008/Articles/cherot.htm [accessed 02.10.2008].Google Scholar
Cherot, N. (2009) ‘Storytelling and ethnographic intersections’, Qualitative Inquiry, 15, 1, 113–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connell, R. W. (1987) Gender and Power: Society, the Person and Sexual Politics, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Cuthbert, D. and Lothian, K. (2010) ‘War waifs and warrior women: feminine activism and the “rescue” of children in Operation Babylift, April 1975’, paper presented at the Vietnam Inheritance Symposum, Monash University, Melbourne, 30 April.Google Scholar
Cuthbert, D., Murphy, K. and Quartly, M. (2009) ‘Adoption and feminism: towards framing a feminist response to contemporary developments in adoption’, Australian Feminist Studies, 24, 62, 395419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuthbert, D. and Spark, C. (2009) ‘“Society moves to make its own solutions. . .”: re-thinking the relationship between intercountry adoption and domestic adoption in Australia’, in Spark, C. and Cuthbert, D. (eds.), Other People's Children: Adoptions in Australia, Melbourne: Australian Scholarly Press, pp. 5572.Google Scholar
Dambach, M. and Baglietto, C. (2010) ‘Haiti: “expediting” intercountry adoptions in the aftermath of a natural disaster . . . preventing future harm, International Social Services’, http://www.iss-ssi.org/2009/assets/files/Haiti%20ISS%20final-%20foreword.pdf [accessed 27.11.2010].Google Scholar
Dorow, S. K. (2002) ‘“China R Us?”: care, consumption, and transnationally adopted children’, in Cook, D. (ed.), Symbolic Childhood, New York: Peter Lang Publishers, pp. 149–68.Google Scholar
Dorow, S. K. (2006a) ‘Racialized choices: Chinese adoption and the “white noise” of blackness’, Critical Sociology, 32, 23, 357–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorow, S. K. (2006b) Transnational Adoption: A Cultural Economy of Race, Gender and Kinship, New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Dubinsky, K. (2007) ‘Babies without borders: rescue, kinship, and the symbolic child’, Journal of Women's History, 19, 1, 143–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duffey, P. (2007) ‘Is there any rational basis for the existence of barriers against same-sex parenting? An analysis of Australian adoption and family law’, Gay and Lesbian Issues and Psychology Review, 3, 2, 8696.Google Scholar
Emerson, G. (1975) ‘Operation Babylift’, New Republic, 8–10.Google Scholar
Engel, M., Phillips, N. K. and Dellacava, F. (2007) ‘International adoption: a sociological account of the US experience’, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 27, 5/6, 257–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falvey, L. (2008) ‘Rejecting assimilation, immersion and chinoiserie: reconstructing identity for children adopted from China’, Journal of Chinese Overseas, 4, 2, 275–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, A. P. (2003) ‘Still “Not quite as good as having your own?” Towards a sociology of adoption’, Annual Review of Sociology, 29, 1, 335–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fonseca, C. (2005) ‘Patterns of shared parenthood amongst the Brazilian poor’, in Volkman, T. (ed.), Cultures of Transnational Adoption, Durham and London: Duke University Press, pp. 142–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fonseca, C. (2006) ‘Transnational connections and dissenting views: intercountry adoption in Brazil’, First International Forum on Childhood and Families, The Institute of Childhood and Urban World (CIIMU), http://www.ciimu.org/webs/foruminternacional/pdf_ngl_abstract/fonseca_ngl.pdf [accessed 13.11.2008].Google Scholar
Fronek, P. (2009) ‘Intercountry adoption in Australia: a natural evolution or purposeful actions’, in Spark, C. and Cuthbert, D. (eds.), Other People's Children: Adoption in Australia, Melbourne: Australian Scholarly Press, pp. 3754.Google Scholar
Fronek, P. (forthcoming) ‘Operation Babylift: advancing intercountry adoption into Australia’, Journal of Australian Studies.Google Scholar
Fronek, P. and Cuthbert, D. (2012a) ‘History repeating: disaster-related intercountry adoption and the psycho-social care of children’, Social Policy and Society. Published online doi:10.1017/S1474746412000103CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fronek, P. and Cuthbert, D. (2012b) ‘The future of intercountry adoption: a paradigm shift for this century’, International Journal of Social Welfare, 21, 2, 215–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giddens, A. (1991) Modernity and Self-Identity, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Giddens, A. (1992) The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love and Eroticism in Modern Societies, Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Glick Schiller, N., Basch, L. and Blanc Szanton, C. (1992) Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: Race, Class, Ethnicity and Nationalism Reconsidered, New York: New York Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
Gray, K. M. (2007a) ‘Bananas, bastards and victims?: hybrid reflections on cultural belonging in intercountry adoptee narratives’, Ph.D. Thesis, School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW.Google Scholar
Gray, K. M. (2007b) ‘Identity and international adoptees: a comparison of the Vietnamese and Korean adoptee experience in Australia’, in Bergquist, K. J. S., Kim, D. S. and Feit, M. D. (eds.), International Korean Adoption: A Fifty-Year History of Policy and Practice, Binghamton, New York: Haworth Press, pp. 237–62.Google Scholar
Gunsberg, L. (2010) ‘An invitation into the ghost kingdom’, Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 30, 1, 102–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, S. (1990) ‘Cultural identity and diaspora’, in Rutherford, J. (ed.), Identity: Community, Culture, Difference, London: Lawrence & Wishart.Google Scholar
Herrman, K. and Kasper, B. (1992) ‘International adoption: the exploitation of women and children’,Affilia, 7, 1, 4558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hochschild, A. R. (2002) ‘Love and gold’, in Ehrenreich, B. and Hochschild, A. R. (eds.), Global Woman: Nannies, Maids and Sex Workers in the New Economy, New York: Owl Books, pp. 1530.Google Scholar
Högbacka, R. (2008a) ‘The quest for a child of one's own: parents, markets and transnational adoption’, Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 39, 3, 311–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Högbacka, R. (2008b) ‘Transnational adoption and the exclusiveness and inclusiveness of families’, paper presented at the the Interim meeting of family sociology of the European Sociological Association, Helsinki, Finland, 26–28 August.Google Scholar
Howell, S. (2006) The Kinning of Foreigners: Transnational Adoption in a Global Perspective, New York: Berghahn Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hübinette, T. (2003) ‘Adopted Koreans and the development of identity in the “Third Space”‘, Adoption and Fostering, 27, 4, 19.Google Scholar
Hübinette, T. (2006) ‘From orphan trains to babylifts: colonial trafficking, empire building, and social engineering’, in Trenka, J. J., Oparah, C. and Shin, S. Y. (eds.), Outsiders Wthin: Writing on Transracial Adoption, Cambridge, MA: South End Press, pp. 139–50.Google Scholar
Hübinette, T. and Tigervall, C. (2009) ‘To be non-white in a colorblind society: conversations with adoptees and adoptive parents in Sweden on everyday racism’, Journal of Intercultural Studies, 30, 4, 335–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ishizawa, H., Kenney, C., Kubo, K. and Stevens, G. (2006) ‘Constructing interracial families through intercountry adoption’, Social Science Quarterly, 87, 5, 1207–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Istar Lev, A. A. (2002) ‘Tenuous alliance’, in Anzaldua, G. and Keating, A. (eds.), This Bridge We Call Home, New York: Routledge, pp. 473–83.Google Scholar
Jacobson, H. (2008) Culture Keeping: White Mothers, International Adoption and the Negotiation of Family Difference, Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, K. (2005) ‘Chaobao: the plight of Chinese adoptive parents in the era of the one child policy’, in Volkman, T. (ed.), Cultures of Transnational Adoption, Durham: Duke University Press, pp. 117–41.Google Scholar
Kim, E. (2007a) ‘Our adoptee, our alien: transnational adoptees as specters of foreignness and family in South Korea’, Anthropological Quarterly, 80, 2, 497531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, H. (2007b) ‘Mothers without mothering: birth mothers from South Korea since the Korean War’, in Berquist, K., Vonk, E., Kim, D. S. and Feit, M. D. (eds.), International Korean Adoption: A Fifty-Year History of Policy and Practice, New York: The Haworth Press, pp. 131–53.Google Scholar
Kim, J. (2009) ‘An “orphan” with two mothers: transnational and transracial adoption, the Cold War, and contemporary Asian American cultural politics’, American Quarterly, 61, 4, 855–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, J. R. (2006) ‘Scattered seeds: the Christian influence on Korean adoption’, in Trenka, J. J., Oparah, C. and Shin, S. Y. (eds.), Outsiders Within: Writings on Transracial Adoption, Cambridge, MA: South End Press, pp. 151–65.Google Scholar
Louie, A. (2009) ‘Pandas, lions, and dragons, oh my!: how white adoptive parents construct Chineseness’, Journal of Asian American Studies, 12, 3, 285320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lovelock, K. (2000) ‘Intercountry adoption as a migratory practice: a comparative analysis of intercountry adoption and immigration policy and practice in the United States, Canada and New Zealand in the post-WWII period’, International Migration Review, 34, 3, 907–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luke, A. and Luke, C. (2000) ‘The difference language makes’, in Ang, I., Chalmers, S. and Thomas, M. (eds.), Alter/Asians: Asian–Australian Identities in Art, Media and Popular Culture, Annandale: Pluto Press, pp. 4267.Google Scholar
McDermott, P. (2006) ‘Disappeared children and the adoptee as immigrant’, in Trenka, J. J., Oparah, C. and Shin, S. Y. (eds.), Outsiders Within: Racial Crossings and Adoption Politics, Cambridge, MA: South End Press, pp. 105–14.Google Scholar
Mezmur, B. D. (2009) ‘From Angelina (to Madonna) to Zoe's ark: what are the “A–Z” lessons for intercountry adoptions in Africa?’, International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family, 23, 2, 145–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller-Loessi, K. and Kilic, Z. (2001) ‘A unique diaspora? The case of adopted girls from the People's Republic of China’, Diaspora, 10, 2, 243–60.Google Scholar
Mills, C. W. (1959) The Sociological Imagination, London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Monash University (n.d.) ‘The history of adoption project’, http://arts.monash.edu.au/historyofadoption [accessed 01.02.2012].Google Scholar
Moosnick, N. R. (2004) Adopting Maternity: White Women Who Adopt Transracially or Transnationally, Westport, CT: Praeger.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Omi, M. and Winant, H. (1994) Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s–1990s, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Oregon University (n.d.) ‘The adoption history project’, http://pages.uoregon.edu /adoption/ [accessed 01.02.2012].Google Scholar
Parker, D. and Song, M. (eds.) (2002) Rethinking ‘Mixed Race’, London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Parreñas, R. S. (2005) Children of Global Migration: Transnational Families and Gendered Woes, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paulson, C. and Merighi, J. (2009) ‘Adoption preparedness, cultural engagement, and parental satisfaction in intercounry adoption’, Adoption Quarterly, 12, 1, 118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfund, P. H. (1994) ‘Intercountry adoption: the 1993 Hague Convention − its purpose, implementation and promise’, Family Law Quarterly, 28, 1, 5388.Google Scholar
Pfund, P. H. (1997) ‘The developing jurisprudence of the rights of the child – the contributions of the Hague conference of private international law’, ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law, 3, winter, 665–75.Google Scholar
Ponte, I. C., Wang, L. K. and Pen-Shian Fant, S. (2010) ‘Returning to China: the experience of adopted Chinese children and their parents’, Adoption Quarterly, 13, 2, 100–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pringle, R. (2004) ‘Adoption in Britain: reflexive modernity’, Australian Feminist Studies, 19, 44, 225–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quiroz, P. A. (2007) ‘Color-blind individualism, intercountry adoption and public policy’, Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 34, 2, 5668.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quiroz, P. A. (2008) ‘Transnational adoption: reflections of the “diaper diaspora”: on reconfiguring race in the USA’, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 28, 11/12, 440–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raine, R. (2011) The Adoptee's Path After the Trauma: The Impact of the Cultural Shadow and Misdiagnosing, Santa Barbara, CA: Pacifica Graduate Institute.Google Scholar
Randolph, T. and Holtzman, M. (2010) ‘The role of heritage camps in identity development among Korean transnational adoptees: a relational dialectics approach’, Adoption Quarterly, 13, 2, 7599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riggs, D. W. (2006) ‘What's love got to do with it? Ambivalence and the national imaginary’,International Journal of Critical Psychology, 16, 1, 3352.Google Scholar
Riggs, D. W. (2012) ‘Intercountry adoption and the inappropriate/d other: refusing the disappearance of birth families’, Social Policy and Society. Published online doi:10.1017/S1474746412000127CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riley, N. E. (1997) ‘American adoptions of Chinese girls: the socio-political matrices of individual decisions’, Women's Studies International Forum, 20, 1, 87102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Root, V. (2007) ‘Angelina and Madonna: why all the fuss? An exploration of the rights of the child and intercountry adoption within African nations’, Chicago Journal of International Law, 8, 1, 323–55.Google Scholar
Ross, L., Epstein, R., Goldfinger, C. and Steele, L. (2008) ‘Lesbian and queer mothers navigating the adoption system: the impacts on mental health’, Health Sociology Review, 17, 3, 254–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Selman, P. (2009) ‘The rise and fall of intercountry adoption in the 21st century’, International Social Work, 52, 5, 575–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shiao, J. L. and Tuan, M. (2008a) ‘Korean adoptees and the social context of ethnic exploration’, American Journal of Sociology, 113, 4, 1023–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shiao, J. L. and Tuan, M. (2008b) ‘Some Asian men are attractive to me, but for a husband. . .’: Korean adoptees and the salience of race in romance’, Du Bois Review, 5, 2, 259–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shiao, J. L., Tuan, M. and Rienzi, E. (2004) ‘Shifting the spotlight: exploring race and culture in Korean-White adoptive families’, Race and Society, 7, 1, 116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shiu, A. (2001) ‘Flexible production: international adoption, race and whiteness’, Jouvert: A Journal of Postcolonial Studies, 6, 12, http://english.chass.ncsu.edu/jouvert/v6i1–2/con61.htm [accessed 31.07.2003].Google Scholar
Simon, R. J. and Altstein, H. (2000) Adoption Across Borders: Serving the Children in Trans-racial and Inter-country Adoptions, Maryland, USA: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Skrbiš, Z. (2008) ‘Transnational families: theorising migration, emotions and belonging’, Journal of Intercultural Studies, 29, 3, 231–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smolin, D. M. (2007) ‘Intercountry adoption and poverty: a human rights analysis’, Capital University Law Review, 36, 413–53.Google Scholar
Sotiropoulos, K. (2008) ‘Open adoption and the politics of transnational feminist human rights’, Radical History Review, 101, 1, 179–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spark, C. and Cuthbert, D. (eds.) (2009) Other People's Children: Adoption in Australia, Melbourne: Australian Scholarly Publishing.Google Scholar
Stokes, J. and Schmidt, G. (2011) ‘Race, poverty and child protection decision making’, British Journal of Social Work, doi: 10.1093/bjsw/bcr009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suter, E. A. and Ballard, R. L. (2009) ‘“How much did you pay for her?”: decision-making criteria underlying adoptive parents’ responses to inappropriate remarks’, Journal of Family Communication, 9, 1, 107–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swain, S. (2012) ‘Market forces: defining the adoptable child, 1860–1940’, Social Policy and Society. Published online doi:10.1017/S1474746412000152CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trenka, J. J., Oparah, C. and Shin, S. Y. (eds.) (2006) Outsiders Within: Racial Crossings and Adoption Politics, Cambridge, MA: South End Press.Google Scholar
Tuan, M. (1999) Forever Foreigners or Honorary Whites? The Asian Ethnic Experience Today, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Tuan, M. (2008) ‘Domestic and international transracial adoption: a synopsis of the literature’, Sociology Compass, 6, 6, 1848–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Twine, F. W. (2006) ‘Visual ethnography and racial theory: family photographs as archives of interacial intimacies’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 29, 3, 487511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VanderMolen, E. (2006) ‘Transnational adoption and sociology theory: understanding my identity’, Human Architecture: Journal of Sociology of Self Knowledge, 4, 1 and 2, 5362.Google Scholar
Vertovec, S. (2001) ‘Transnationalism and identity’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27, 4, 573–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volkman, T. (ed.) (2005) Cultures of Transnational Adoption, Durham: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wegar, K. (1997) Adoption, Identity and Kinship: The Debate Over Sealed Records, New Haven: Yale University.Google Scholar
Williams, I. (2003) ‘Not quite/just the same/different: the construction of identity in Vietnamese war orphans adopted by white parents’, unpublished MA by thesis, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, The University of Technology, Sydney.Google Scholar
Willing, I. (2009) ‘The celebrity adoptions phenomenon: emerging critiques from “ordinary” adoptive parents’, in Spark, C. and Cuthbert, D. (eds.), Other People's Children: Adoption in Australia, Melbourne: Australian Scholarly Press, pp. 241–56.Google Scholar
Willing, I. W. (2004) ‘The adopted Vietnamese community: from fairytales to the diaspora’, Michigan Quarterly Review, 43, 648–64.Google Scholar
Willing, I. W. (2010) ‘Constructions of identity and belonging in transnational adoption: a qualitative study of Australian parents of children adopted from overseas’, Ph.D. thesis, The School of Social Science, The University of Queensland.Google Scholar
Zhou, M. (1998) ‘“Parachute kids” in Southern California: the educational experience of Chinese children in transnational families’, Education Policy, 12, 6, 682704.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zigler, E. (1976) ‘A developmental psychologist's view of Operation Babylift’, American Psychologist, 31, 5, 329–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed