Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-b6zl4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-13T00:29:19.109Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A Theory of Early Twentieth-Century Agrarian Politics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 January 2016

Anne Kane  and
Michael Mann
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The pre-world war I period decisively structured modern class relations in Europe and the United States. Farmers, the largest population group, greatly influenced the development of capitalism and states. Scholars have demonstrated farmers’ significance in particular areas (e.g., Blackbourn in Germany and Esping-Andersen in Scandinavia), but there has been little comparative analysis. Farmer politics, and thus modern class relations in general, have been inadequately theorized. Most existing work on agrarian classes has also been economistic, neglecting politics. We fill the gaps by analyzing agrarian politics in the United States, France, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia.

Type
Politics
Information
Social Science History , Volume 16 , Issue 3 , Fall 1992 , pp. 421 - 454
Copyright
Copyright © Social Science History Association 1992 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bairoch, P. (1968) The Working Population and Its Structure. Brussels: Editions de l’Institut de Sociologie de l’Université Libre.Google Scholar
Berger, S. (1972) Peasants against Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Blackbourn, D. (1977) “The Mittelstand in German society and politics, 1871-1914.” Social History 4:409-33.Google Scholar
Blackbourn, D. (1984) “Peasants and politics in Germany, 1871-1914.” European History Quarterly 14:47–75.Google Scholar
Bois, P. (1960) Paysans de l’Ouest. Le Mans: M. Vilaire.Google Scholar
Brustein, W. (1988) The Social Origins of Political Regionalism: France, 1849-1981. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Buck, S. (1913) The Granger Movement. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Burbank, G. (1976) When Farmers Voted Red. Westport, CT: Greenwood.Google Scholar
Castles, F. (1978) The Social Democratic Image of Society. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dovring, F. (1965) Land and Labor in Europe in the Twentieth Century. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Duncan, S. (1982) “Class relations and historical geography. The creation of the rural and urban questions in Sweden.” University of Sussex, Research Papers in Geography, no. 12.Google Scholar
Dyson, L. (1986) Fanners’ Organizations. New York: Greenwood.Google Scholar
Eddie, S. (1967) “The changing pattern of landownership in Hungary, 1867-1914.” Economic History Review 20:293–309.Google Scholar
Eley, G. (1980) Reshaping the German Right: Radical Nationalism and Change after Bismarck. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, G. (1985) Politics against Markets: The Social Democratic Road to Power. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Farr, I. (1978) “Populism in the countryside: The peasant leagues in Bavaria in the 1890S,” in Evans, R. (ed.) Society and Politics in Wilhemine Germany. London: Croom Helm: 136-59.Google Scholar
Farr, I. (1986) “Peasant protest in the empire—The Bavarian example,” in Moeller, R. (ed.) Peasants and Lords in Modern Germany: Recent Studies in Agricultural History. Boston: Allen and Unwin: 110-39.Google Scholar
Fine, N. (1928) Labor and Farmer Parties in the United States, 1828-1928. New York: Rand School of Social Science.Google Scholar
Fischer, F.W., Krengel, J., and Wietog, J. (1982) Sozialgeschichtliches Arbeitsbuch. Vol. 1, Materialien zur Statistik des deutschen Bundes, 1815-1870. Munich: Beck.Google Scholar
Garrier, G. (1973) Paysans du Beaujolais et du Lyonnais, 1800-1970. 2 vols., Grenoble: Presses Universitaires de Grenoble.Google Scholar
Grantham, G. (1975) “Scale and organization in French farming, 1840-1880,” in Jones, E. L. and Parker, W. N. (eds.) European Peasants and Their Markets. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press: 293–326.Google Scholar
Green, J. (1978) Grass Roots Socialism. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.Google Scholar
Haimson, L. (1979a) “Introduction: The Russian landed nobility and the system of the third of June,” in Haimson, L. (ed.) The Politics of Rural Russia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press: 1–29.Google Scholar
Haimson, L. (1979b) “Conclusion: Observations on the politics of the Russian countryside (1905-14),” in Haimson, L. (ed.) The Politics of Rural Russia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press: 261–300.Google Scholar
Hanak, P. (1975) “Economics, society, and sociopolitical thought in Hungary during the age of capitalism.” Austrian History Yearbook 9:113-35.Google Scholar
Hohorst, V. G. (1975) Sozialgeschichtliches Arbeitsbuch. Vol. 1, Materialien zur Statistik des Kaiserreichs, 1870-1914. Munich: Beck.Google Scholar
Holmsen, A. (1958) “Landowners and tenants in Norway.” Scandinavian Economic History Review 6:121-31.Google Scholar
Hovde, B. (1943) The Scandinavian Countries, 1720-1865. Boston: Chapman and Grimes.Google Scholar
Jenkins, J.C. (1983) “Why do peasants rebel? Structural and historical theories of modern peasant rebellions.” American Journal of Sociology 88:487–514.Google Scholar
Jonasson, O.G. (1938) Agricultural Atlas of Sweden. Stockholm: Lantbruks-saellskapets.Google Scholar
Judt, T. (1979) Socialism in Provence, 1871-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kausel, A. (1979) “Österreichs Volkseinkommen, 1830 bis 1913,” in Geschichte und Ergebnisse der zentralen austilichen Statistik in Österreich, 1829-1979. Beiträge zur österreichischen Statistik 550:689–720.Google Scholar
Kautsky, K. (1988 [1899]) The Agrarian Question. London: Zwan.Google Scholar
Kuhnle, S. (1975) Patterns of Social and Political Mobilization: A Historical Analysis of the Nordic Countries. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Kuuse, J. (1971) “Mechanisation, commercialisation, and the protectionist movement in Swedish agriculture, 1860-1910.” Scandinavian Economic History Review 19:23–44.Google Scholar
Lewis, G. (1978) “The peasantry, rural change, and conservative agrarianism: Lower Austria at the turn of the century.” Past and Present 81:119-43.Google Scholar
Linz, J. (1976) “Patterns of land tenure, division of labor, and voting behavior in Europe.” Comparative Politics 8:365–430.Google Scholar
Loubère, L. A. (1974) Radicalism in Mediterranean France, 1848-1914. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Lyashchenko, P. (1949) History of the National Economy of Russia to the 1917 Revolution. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Macartney, C. A. (1969)The Hapsburg Empire, 1790-1918. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar
Malefakis, E. (1970) Agrarian Reform and Peasant Revolution in Spain. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Medvedev, Z. (1987) Soviet Agriculture. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Merriman, J. (1979) “Incident at the statue of the Virgin Mary: The conflict of the old and the new in nineteenth-century Limoges,” in Merriman, J. (ed.) Consciousness and Class Experience in Nineteenth-Century Europe. New York: Holmes and Meier: 129-48.Google Scholar
Ministère de l’Agriculture (1897) Statistique agricole de la France: Resultats généraux de l’enquête décennale de 1892. Paris: Ministère de l’Agriculture.Google Scholar
Munch, P. (1954) “The peasant movement in Norway: A study in class and culture.” British Journal of Sociology 5:63–77.Google Scholar
Newby, H. (1977) The Deferential Worker. London: Allen Lane.Google Scholar
Osterud, O. (1971) Agrarian Structure and Peasant Politics in Scandinavia: A Comparative Study of Rural Response to Economic Change. Oslo: Universi-tetsforlaget.Google Scholar
Paige, J. (1976) Agrarian Revolution. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Pavlovsky, G. (1930) Agricultural Russia on the Eve of the Revolution. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Pech, S. (1978) “Political parties in eastern Europe, 1848-1939.” East Central Europe 5:1–38.Google Scholar
Perkins, J.A. (1981) “The agricultural revolution in Germany, 1850-1914.” Journal of European Economic History 10:71–118.Google Scholar
Perrie, M. (1972) “The Russian peasant movement of 1905-1907: Its social composition and revolutionary significance.” Past and Present 57:123-55.Google Scholar
Robinson, G. (1969 [1932]) Rural Russia under the Old Regime. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Rokkan, S. (1970) Cities, Elections, Parties. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.Google Scholar
Rosen, E. (1978) “Socialism in Oklahoma: A theoretical overview.” Politics and Society 8:109-29.Google Scholar
Sandgruber, R. (1978) Österreichische Agrarstatistik, 1750-1918. Munich: Oldenbourg.Google Scholar
Semmingsen, I. (1954) “The dissolution of estate society in Norway.” Scandinavian Economic History Review 2:166–203.Google Scholar
Shanin, T. (1972) The Awkward Class. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Shanin, T. (1985) The Roots of Otherness: Russia’s Turn of the Century. Vol. 1, Russia as a “Developing Society.” London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Skocpol, T. (1979) States and Revolutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, J. H. (1975) “Work routine and social structure in a French village: Cruzy in the nineteenth century.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 3:357-82.Google Scholar
Sorokin, P. A., Zimmerman, C., and Galpin, C. (1930) A Systematic Source Book in Rural Sociology. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Stinchcombe, A.L. (1961) “Agricultural enterprise and rural class relations.” American Journal of Sociology 67:165-84.Google Scholar
Thomas, A. (1977) “Social democracy in Denmark,” in Paterson, W. and Thomas, A. (eds.) Social Democratic Parties in Western Europe. London: Croom Helm: 234-71.Google Scholar
Tilly, C. (1979) “Did the cake of custom break?” in Merriman, J. (ed.) Consciousness and Class Experience in Nineteenth-Century Europe. New York: Holmes and Meier: 17–43.Google Scholar
Tomasevich, J. (1955) Peasants, Politics, and Economic Change in Yugoslavia. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of the Census (1910) U.S. Census, 1910. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Vinogradoff, E. (1979) “The Russian peasantry and the elections to the fourth state Duma,” in Haimson, L. (ed.) The Politics of Rural Russia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press: 219-60.Google Scholar
Volin, L. (1960) “The Russian peasant: From emancipation to kolkhoz,” in Black, C. (ed.) The Transformation of the Russian Peasantry. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press: 292–311.Google Scholar
Walkin, J. (1962) The Rise of Democracy in Pre-Revolutionary Russia. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Weber, E. (1976) Peasants into Frenchmen. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Weber, M. (1978) Economy and Society. 2 vols., Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Weber, M. (1979 [1894]) “Developmental tendencies in the situation of East Elbian labourers.” Economy and Society 8:177–205.Google Scholar
Wolf, E. (1969) Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar