Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T12:51:39.112Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Development and Validation of the Escala de Actitudes Emprendedoras para Estudiantes (EAEE)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 March 2015

Amparo Oliver  and
Laura Galiana
Amparo Oliver
Affiliation:
Universitat de València (Spain)
Laura Galiana*
Affiliation:
Universitat de València (Spain)
*
*Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Amparo Oliver. Department of Methodology. Universitat de València, Facultat de Psicologia, Av. Blasco Ibañez, 21, 46010 València, Spain. Phone: 0034–963864468. Fax: 0034–963864699. E-mail: oliver@uv.es
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

During the last few years, entrepreneurship has gained an important role in many economic and social policies, with the consequent growth of entrepreneurial research in many social areas. However, in the Spanish psychometric context, there is not an updated scale including recent contributions to entrepreneurship attitudes literature. The aim of this study is to present and validate a new scale named Escala de Actitudes Emprendedoras para Estudiantes-EAEE, (Entrepreneurial Attitudes Scale for Students, EASS), in two samples of high school and university Spanish students. Data comes from a cross-sectional survey of 524 high school and undergraduate students, from Valencia (Spain). Two confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were estimated, together with reliability and validity evidence of the scale. Results offered evidence of the adequate psychometric properties of the EASS. The CFAs showed overall and analytical adequate fit indexes (χ2 (120) = 163.19 (p < .01), GFI = .906, CFI = .959, SRMR = .044, RMSEA = .040 [CI .022-.054]); reliability indices of the entrepreneurial attitudes were appropriate for most of the entrepreneurial attitudes (α were between .63 and .87 for the different dimensions); and external evidence relating entrepreneurial dimensions to personality traits was similar to in previous studies. The scale could be a useful instrument both for previous diagnosis and effectiveness assessment of programs on entrepreneurship promotion.

Keywords

entrepreneurshiphigh school studentsuniversity studentspersonalityconfirmatory factor analysis
Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 18 , 2015 , E14
Copyright
Copyright © Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Benet-Martínez, V., & John, O. P. (1998). Los Cinco Grandes across cultures and ethnic groups: Multitrait multimethod analyses of the Big Five in Spanish and English. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 729–750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.729 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bentler, P. M. (1990), Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.107.2.238 Google Scholar
Bird, B., Schjoedt, L., & Baum, J. R. (2012). Editor’s introduction. entrepreneurs’ behavior: Elucidation and measurement. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36, 889–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00535.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonnarens, J. K. (1999). Determining the level of patient care specialty service development and entrepreneurial characteristics present in independent community pharmacy. (Master thesis). University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS.Google Scholar
Brandstätter, H. (2011). Personality aspects of entrepreneurship: A look at five meta-analyses. Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 222–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.007 Google Scholar
Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (1989). Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10, 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250100107 Google Scholar
Covin, J. G., & Wales, W. J. (2012). The measurement of entrepreneurial orientation. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 36, 677–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00432.x Google Scholar
Dess, G. G., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2001). Emerging issues in strategy process research. In Hitt, M. A., Freeman, R. E., & Harrison, J. S. (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of strategic management (pp. 3–34). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers Inc.Google Scholar
Drucker, P. F. (1985). Innovation and entrepreneurship: Practice and principles. New York, NY: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Dyson, C. (2001). What makes a great entrepreneur? European Business Review, 13, 307–312.Google Scholar
European Commission. (2003). Libro verde. El espíritu empresarial en Europa [Green Book. Entrepreneurship Spirit in Europe] . Brussels, Belgium: Author. Retrieved from http://www.oei.es/etp/green_paper_final_es.pdf Google Scholar
European Commission. (2012a). Entrepreneurship education at school in Europe national strategies, Curricula and learning outcomes. Brussels, Belgium: Author. Retrieved from http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/education/eurydice/documents/thematic_reports/135EN.pdf Google Scholar
European Commission. (2012b). Entrepreneurship in the EU and beyond. Country report Spain. Brussels, Belgium: Author. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/flash/fl_354_nat_es_en.pdf Google Scholar
European Commission. (2013a). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Entrepreneurship 2020 action plan. Brussels, Belgium: Author. Retrieved from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2012:0795:FIN:EN:PDF Google Scholar
European Commission. (2013b). Entrepreneurship education: A guide for educators. Brussels, Belgium: Author. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/promoting-entrepreneurship/files/education/entredu-manual-fv_en.pdf Google Scholar
Evans, D., & Jovanovic, B., (1989). An estimated model of entrepreneurial choice under liquidity constraints. Journal of Political Economy, 97, 808–827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/261629 Google Scholar
Graham, J. M. (2006). Congeneric and (essentially) tau equivalent estimates of score reliability: What they are and how to use them. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 930–944. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164406288165 Google Scholar
Hermansen-Kobulnicky, C. J., & Moss, C. L. (2004). Pharmacy student entrepreneurial orientation: A measure to identify potential pharmacist entrepreneurs. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 68, Article 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5688/aj6805113 Google Scholar
Hoyle, R. H., & Panter, A. T. (1995). Writing about structural equation models. In Hoyle, R. H. (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues and applications (pp. 159–176). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, M., & Morgan, R. E. (2007). Deconstructing the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and business performance at the embryonic stage of firm growth. Industrial Marketing Management, 36, 651–661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2006.04.003 Google Scholar
Katz, J. A. (2003). The chronology and intellectual trajectory of American entrepreneurship education 1876–1999. Journal of Business Venturing, 18, 283–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00098-8 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of Structural Equation Modeling. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Kreiser, P. M., Marino, L. D., & Weaver, K. M. (2002). Assessing the psychometric properties of the entrepreneurial orientation scale: A multi-country analysis. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27, 71–94.Google Scholar
López, J., & García, J. (2011). Optimismo, pesimismo y realismo disposicional en emprendedores potenciales de base tecnológica [Dispositional optimism, pessimism and realism in technological potential entrepreneurs]. Psicothema, 23, 611–616.Google Scholar
Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, 21, 135–172. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/258632 Google Scholar
Messik, S. (1998). Consequences of test interpretation and use: The fusion of validity and values in psychological assessment. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Services.Google Scholar
Miller, D. (1983). The correlates of entrepreneurship in three types of firms. Management Science, 29, 770–791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.29.7.770 Google Scholar
Miner, J. B. (1997). The expanded horizon for achieving entrepreneurial success. Organizational Dynamics, 25, 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0090-2616(97)90047-4 Google Scholar
Puri, M., & Robinson, D. (2005). Optimism, entrepreneurship, and economic choice. Cambridge, MA: NBER Working Paper.Google Scholar
Rauch, A., & Frese, M. (2007). Let’s put the person back into entrepreneurship research: A meta-analysis on the relationship between business owners’ personality traits, business creation, and success. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16, 353–385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13594320701595438 Google Scholar
Rauch, A., Wiklund, J., Lumpkin, G. T., & Frese, M. (2009). Entrepreneurial orientation and business performance: An assessment of past research and suggestions for the future. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33, 761–787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00308.x Google Scholar
Raykov, T. (2004). Point and interval estimation of reliability for multiple- component measuring instruments via linear constraint covariance structure modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 11, 342–356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1103_3 Google Scholar
Sánchez, J. C. (2011). University training for entrepreneurial competencies: Its impact on intention of venture creation. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7, 239–254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11365-010-0156-x Google Scholar
Sánchez, J. C., & Gutiérrez, A. (2011). Entrepreneurship research in Spain: Developments and distinctiveness. Psicothema, 23, 458–463.Google Scholar
Schafermeyer, K. W., & Hobson, E. H. (1997). Business plans: Tool to teach entrepreneurial and communication skills. American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Annual Meeting, 95, 81.Google Scholar
Steiger, J. H., & Lind, C. (1980, May). Statistically based tests for the number of common factors. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychometric Society. Iowa City, IA.Google Scholar
Tanaka, J. S. (1993). Multifaceted conceptions of fit in structural equation models. In Bollen, K. A. & Long, J. S. (Ed.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 10–39). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Trapnell, P. D., & Wiggins, J. S. (1990). Extension of the Interpersonal Adjective Scales to include the Big Five dimensions of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 781–790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.59.4.781 Google Scholar
Zhao, H., & Seibert, S. E. (2006). The Big Five personality dimensions and entrepreneurial status: A meta-analytical review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 259–271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.2.259 Google Scholar
Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2010). The relationship of personality to entrepreneurial intentions and performance: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Management, 36, 381–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206309335187 Google Scholar