Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T22:04:12.523Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS): Normative Data and Factor Structure for a Large-Scale Sample in Mexico

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2013

Mónica Teresa González-Ramírez ,
María Noel Rodríguez-Ayán  and
René Landero Hernández
Mónica Teresa González-Ramírez*
Affiliation:
Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (Mexico)
María Noel Rodríguez-Ayán
Affiliation:
Universidad de la República (Uruguay)
René Landero Hernández
Affiliation:
Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (Mexico)
*
*Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Mónica Teresa González-Ramírez. Dr. Carlos Canseco 110. Col. Mitras Centro. 64460. Phone: +52-8183338233. Monterrey. Nuevo León. (México). E-mail: monygzz77@yahoo.com or monica.gonzalezrz@uanl.edu.mx
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

One of the most widely used scales for the evaluation of stress is the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and it has been adapted into different languages. However, few studies have presented normative data from large samples, and there do not appear to be any studies of the PSS that provide normative data based on large samples for Mexico. Thus, the goal of this study was to provide normative data regarding gender and different age groups for a sample of 1990 Mexican subjects to validate the factor structure of the construct for this sample. The analysis of the 10- and 14-item versions of the PSS revealed that the scale had adequate reliability and that the factor structure was consistent with previous studies. With respect to the normative data, the means of the different groups ranged from 20.93 to 25.63 for the PSS14 and from 14.52 to 17.73 for the PSS10. We propose that scores within one standard deviation of these means be used as reference values for each group.

Keywords

Perceived Stress ScaleMexico
Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 16 , 2013 , E47
Copyright
Copyright © Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bentler, P. M. (2007). On tests and indices for evaluating structural models. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 825–829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.024 Google Scholar
Campo-Arias, A., Bustos-Leiton, G., & Romero-Chaparro, A. (2009). Consistencia interna y dimensionalidad de la Escala de Estrés Percibido (EEP–10 y EEP-14) en una muestra de universitarias de Bogotá, Colombia [Internal consistency and dimensionality of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10 and PSS-14) in a sample of female university students in Bogotá, Colombia]. Aquichan, 9, 271–280.Google Scholar
Canales, L. (2009). Intervención cognitivo-conductual para la disminución del estrés en pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica [Cognitive-behavioral intervention to reduce stress in patients with ischemic heart disease] (Unpublished master’s thesis). Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Mexico.Google Scholar
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New Jersey, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.Google Scholar
Cohen, S., Kamarak, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of health and social behavior, 24, 385–396. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2136404 Google Scholar
Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. M. (1988). Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In Spacapan, S. & Oskamp, S. (Eds.), The social psychology of health (pp. 31–67). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Cohen, S., & Janicki-Deverts, D. (2012). Who’s stressed? Distributions of psychological stress in the United States in probability samples from 1983, 2006 and 2009. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42, 1320–1334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00900.x Google Scholar
González, M. T., & Landero, R. (2007). Factor structure of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) in a sample from Mexico. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 10, 199–206.Google Scholar
González, M. T., García-Campayo, J., & Landero, R. (2011). The role of stress transactional theory on the development of fibromyalgia: A structural equation model. Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría, 39 81–87.Google Scholar
González, M. T., & Landero, R. (2011). Diferencias en estrés percibido, salud mental y física de acuerdo al tipo de relación humano-perro [Differences in perceived stress, mental health, and physical health based on types of human-dog relationships]. Revista Colombiana de Psicología, 20, 75–86.Google Scholar
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Coping and adaptation. In Gentry, W. D. (Ed.), The handbook of behavioral medicine (pp. 282–325). New York, NY: Guilford.Google Scholar
Leung, D., Lam, T., & Chan, S. (2010). Three versions of Perceived Stress Scale: Validation in a sample of Chinese cardiac patients who smoke. BMC Public health, 10, 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-513 Google Scholar
Lloret, S., & González, V. (2000). Medición de constructos bipolares mediante escalas tipo Likert: ¿Por qué aparecen factores monopolares? [Measurement of bipolar constructs with Likert-type scales: Why do unipolar factors emerge?]. Psicothema, 12, 471–479.Google Scholar
Mardia, K. V. (1970). Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika, 57, 519–530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biomet/57.3.519 Google Scholar
Mardia, K. V. (1974). Applications of some measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis in testing normality and robustness studies. Sankhya, Series B, 36, 115–128.Google Scholar
Mimura, Ch., & Griffiths, P. (2008). A Japanese version of the Perceived Stress Scale: Cross-cultural translation and equivalence assessment. BMC Psychiatry, 8, 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-8-85 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patiño, C., & Kirchner, T. (2008). Estrés y coping en inmigrantes latinoamericanos residentes en Barcelona [Stress and coping in Latin American immigrants in Barcelona]. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología: Ciencia y Tecnología, 1, 29–38.Google Scholar
Pedrero, E., & Olivar, A. (2010). Estrés percibido en adictos a sustancias en tratamiento mediante la escala de Cohen: Propiedades psicométricas y resultados de su aplicación [Perceived stress in addicted individuals in treatment using the Cohen scale: Psychometric properties and results of its application]. Anales de psicología, 26, 302–309.Google Scholar
Remor, E. A., & Carrobles, J. A. (2001). Versión española de la Escala de Estrés Percibido (PSS-14): Estudio psicométrico en una muestra VIH+ [The Spanish version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14): A psychometric study of an HIV+ sample]. Ansiedad y Estrés, 7, 195–201.Google Scholar
Remor, E. (2006). Psychometric properties of a European Spanish version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 9, 86–93.Google Scholar
Reyna, A. (2009). Psicodermatología: Aspectos psicológicos en personas con epidermolisis bullosa [Psychodermatology: Psychological aspects of epidermolysis bullosa patients] . (Unpublished master’s thesis). Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, México.Google Scholar
Rodríguez Ayán, M. N., & Ruiz, M. A. (2008). Atenuación de la asimetría y de la curtosis de las puntuaciones observadas mediante transformaciones de variables: Incidencia sobre la estructura factorial [Attenuation of the asymmetry and kurtosis of observed scores using variable transformations: Impact on factor structure]. Psicológica, 29, 205–227.Google Scholar
Tapia, D., Cruz, C., Gallardo, I., & Dasso, M. (2007). Adaptación de la escala de percepción global de estrés (EPGE) en estudiantes adultos de escasos recursos en Santiago, Chile [Adaptation of the global perceived stress scale in adult students of low economic status in Santiago, Chile]. Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, 24, 109–119.Google Scholar
Waldman, S., Lopez, J. C., Cohen, H., Linetzky, B., Guinjoan, S., & Grancelli, H. (2009). Burnout, perceived stress, and depression among cardiology residents in Argentina. Academic Psychiatry, 33, 296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ap.33.4.296 Google Scholar