Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-11T04:21:28.147Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Stimulus Modality and Smoking Behavior: Moderating Role of Implicit Attitudes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 July 2015

Valentine C. Ezeh  and
Philip Mefoh
Valentine C. Ezeh*
Affiliation:
University of Nigeria (Nigeria)
Philip Mefoh
Affiliation:
University of Nigeria (Nigeria)
*
*Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Valentine C. Ezeh. Department of Psychology, Faculty of the Social Sciences. University of Nigeria, Nsukka (Nigeria). Enugu State. E-mail: ezehvalcj@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This study investigated whether stimulus modality influences smoking behavior among smokers in South Eastern Nigeria and also whether implicit attitudes moderate the relationship between stimulus modality and smoking behavior. 60 undergraduate students of University of Nigeria, Nsukka were used. Participants were individually administered the IAT task as a measure of implicit attitude toward smoking and randomly assigned into either image condition that paired images of cigarette with aversive images of potential health consequences or text condition that paired images of cigarette with aversive texts of potential health consequences. A one- predictor and one-moderator binary logistic analysis indicates that stimulus modality significantly predicts smoking behavior (p = < .05) with those in the image condition choosing not to smoke with greater probability than the text condition. The interaction between stimulus modality and IAT scores was also significant (p = < .05). Specifically, the modality effect was larger for participants in the image group who held more negative implicit attitudes towards smoking. The finding shows the urgent need to introduce the use of aversive images of potential health consequences on cigarette packs in Nigeria.

Keywords

stimulus modalitysmoking behaviorimplicit attitudes
Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 18 , 2015 , E51
Copyright
Copyright © Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ajzen, I. (2001). Nature and operation of attitudes. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 27–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.27 Google Scholar
Australia-Warnings (2006). Tobacco labeling regulations. Sydney, Australia: The Department of Health. Retrieved from http://www.smoke-free.ca/warnings/Australia-warning.htm Google Scholar
Critchley, J., & Capewell, S. (2004). Smoking cessation for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Systematic Review, (1). Art NO.: CD003041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003041.pub2 Google Scholar
Eze, J. E., & Omeje, O. (1999). Fundamentals of substance abuse. Enugu, Nigeria: Snaap Press Ltd.Google Scholar
Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2006). Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 692–731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.745 Google Scholar
Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self- esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102(1), 4–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0033-295X.102.1.4 Google Scholar
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464–1480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.74.6.1464 Google Scholar
Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 17–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0015575 Google Scholar
Hammond, D., Fong, G. T., McDonald, P. W., Brown, K. S., & Cameron, R. (2004). Graphic Canadian cigarette warning labels and adverse outcomes: Evidence from Canadian smokers. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 1442–1445. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.94.8.1442 Google Scholar
Hofmann, W., De Houwer, J., Perugini, M., Baeyens, F., & Crombez, G. (2010). Evaluative conditioning in humans: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 390–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018916 Google Scholar
Hollands, G. J., Prestwich, A., & Marteau, T. M. (2011). Using aversive images to enhance healthy food choices and implicit attitudes: An experimental test of evaluative conditioning. Health Psychology, 30, 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0022261 Google Scholar
Houben, K., Schoenmakers, T. M., & Wiers, R. W. (2010). I didn’t feel like drinking but I don’t know why: The effects of evaluative conditioning on alcohol-related attitudes, craving and behavior. Addictive Behaviors, 35, 1161–1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.08.012 Google Scholar
Huijding, J., de Jong, P. J., Wiers, R. W., & Verkooijen, K. (2005). Implicit and explicit attitudes toward smoking in a smoking and nonsmoking setting. Addictive Behaviors, 30, 949–961. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.09.014 Google Scholar
Kunkel, J. H., & Berry, L. L. (1968). A behavioral conception of retail image. Journal of Marketing, 32, 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1249333 Google Scholar
Mancia, G., De Backer, G., Dominiczak, A., Cifkova, R., Fagard, R, Germano, G., …, Williams, B. (2007). Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. The task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Journal of Hypertension, 25, 1105–1187.Google Scholar
National Heart Foundation of Australia (2008). Guide to management of hypertension: Assessing and managing raised blood pressure in adults. Sydney, Australia. National Blood Pressure and Vascular Disease Advisory Committee. Retrieved from http://www.heartfoundation.org.au/Professional_Information/Clinical_Practice/Hypertension.htm Google Scholar
Ottaway, S. A., Hayden, D. C., & Oakes, M. A. (2001). Implicit attitudes and racism: Effect of word familiarity and frequency on the Implicit Association Test. Social Cognition, 19, 97–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/soco.19.2.97.20706 Google Scholar
Rydell, R. J., McConnell, A. R., Mackie, D. M., & Strain, L. M. (2006). Of two minds: Forming and changing valence-inconsistent implicit and explicit attitudes. Psychological Science, 17, 954–958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01811.x Google Scholar
Salawu, F., Danburam, A., Isa, B., & Agbo, J. (2010). Cigarette smoking habits among adolescents in northeast Nigeria. The Internet Journal of Epidemiology, 8(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.5580/6e2 Google Scholar
Scollo, M., & Haslam, I. (2008). Attachment 12.1 Health warnings: Tobacco in Australia. Victoria, Australia: Cancer Council.Google Scholar
Swanson, J. E., Rudman, L. A., & Greenwald, A. G. (2001). Using the Implicit Association test to investigate attitude-behavior consistency for stigmatized behaviour. Cognition and Emotion, 15, 207–230.Google Scholar
Walters, G. D. (2014). Substance abuse and the new road to recovery: A practitioner’s guide. London, UK: Taylor and Francis (Originally published 1996). Retrieved from http://www.thehealthwell.info/node/62634 Google Scholar
Whitfield, M., & Jordan, C. H. (2009). Mutual influence of implicit and explicit attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 748–759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.04.006 Google Scholar
Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S., & Schooler, T. Y. (2000). A model of dual attitudes. Psychological Review, 107, 101–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0033-295X.107.1.101 Google Scholar
Wise, R. A. (2004). Dopamine, learning and motivation. Natural Reviews Neuroscience, 5, 483–494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1406 Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2001). Prevalence of tobacco smoking in Nigeria. Geneva, Suiza: WHO. Retrieved from http://tobacco.who.int/repository/tld100/Nigeria.pdf Google Scholar