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‘One heart and one soul’: The Changing Nature of Public Worship in Augsburg, 1521-1548

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 March 2016

Philip Broadhead
Philip Broadhead*
Affiliation:
Goldsmiths’ College, University of London
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Extract

Demands for the reform of public worship followed rapidly upon the outbreak of religious disputes in Germany in 1517. This was scarcely surprising, since some of the most important aspects of late medieval worship and devotion, including the mass, had become the focus of criticism. The reform of worship presented many difficulties to both spiritual leaders and secular authorities. In many cases they found it easier to identify the failings of Catholic worship than to devise new services which would be acceptable to all. It was also apparent that worship had not only to reflect the ideals and aspirations of the Church but also those of the wider community, and therefore worship impinged upon social and political life. This paper will look at how one community, the city of Augsburg, dealt with these issues. In particular it will consider the forces which shaped evangelical liturgy, and the reception given to the new forms of worship.

Type
Research Article
Information
Studies in Church History , Volume 35: Continuity and Change in Christian Worship , 1999 , pp. 116 - 127
Copyright
Copyright © Ecclesiastical History Society 1999

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References

1 I wish to thank the British Academy for generously supporting this research, and the staff of the Stadtarchiv in Augsburg for their helpfulness.

2 For a survey of this period see Roth, Friedrich, Augsburgs Reformationsgeschichte, 4 vols (Munich, 1901-11)Google Scholar.

3 Clemens Sender, ed. F. Roth, ‘Die Chronik von Clemens Sender von den ältesten Zeiten der Stadt bis zum Jahre 1536’, in Die Chroniken der deutschen Städie, 36 vols (Leipzig, 1862-1031), 23, pp. 154, 174, 177.

4 Kicfiling, Rolf, Bürgerliche Gesellschaft und Kirche in Augsburg im Spätmittelalter (Augsburg, 1971), p. 115 Google Scholar.

5 A detailed account of the course of the Reformation in Augsburg in the 15 30s is given in Roth, Reformationsgeschichte, 2.

6 Emil Sehling et al, eds, Die evangelischen Kirchenordnungen des XVI. Jahrhunderts (Leipzig and Tubingen, 1902-, in progress), 12, pp. 44-5; Augsburg, Stadtarchiv [hereafter StadtAA], Evangclischcs Wesenarchiv Akten, 492, pp. 37, 43.

7 Mocller, Bernd, Imperial Cities and the Reformation (Philadelphia, PA, 1972), pp. 85–7 Google Scholar.

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9 Lee Palmer Wandel, ‘Brothers and neighbours: the language of community in Zwingli’s preaching’, Zwingliana, 17 (1988), p. 367.

10 Roth, Reformationsgeschichte, 2, p. 253.

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13 Herbert Imraenkotter, ‘Die katholische Kirche in Augsburg in der ersten Hälfie des 16. Jahrhunderts’, in R. Schwarz, ed., Die Augsburger Kirchenordnung von 1537 und ihr Umfeld, Schriften des Vereins fur Reformationsgescnichte, 196 (Heidelberg, 1988), p. 23.

14 StadtAA, Protokolle der Dreizehn, 1538, fol. 33.

15 Sehling, Kirchenordnungen, 12, p. 54.

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19 Ibid., p. 97.

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21 Sehling, Kirchenordnungen, 12, pp. 79-80.

22 Ibid., pp. 93-4.

23 Ibid., p. 63.

24 Ibid.

25 Ibid., p. 73.

26 Gottfried Seebaß, ‘Die Augsburger Kirchenordnung von 1537 in ibrem historischen und thcologiscben Zusammenhang’, in Schwarz, Die Augsburger Kirchenordnung, pp. 54-6.

27 Sehling, Kirchenordnungen, 12, p. 75.

28 Acts 4.32.

29 Sehling, Kirchenordnungen, 12, pp. 35-6.

30 Ibid., p. 38.

31 For Bonifacius Wolfart, Augsburg, Staats- und Stadtbibliothek, 2° Cod Aug, 345; for Johann Forster, Sehling, Kirchenordtiungen, 12, pp. 46-8.

32 Sekling, Kirchenordnungen, 12, p. 56.

33 Ibid.

34 Ibid., p. 62.

35 Ibid., p. 58.

36 Ibid., p. 59.

37 Ibid.

38 Ibid., p. 52.

39 Germann, D. Johann Forster, p. 241.

40 See ,Luther, Martin, D. Martin Luthers Werke. Kritische Gesamtausgabe: Abteilung Werke, 60 vols (Weimar, 1883-1909), 26 (ed. Drcschcr, K.), p. 220 Google Scholar; Bezzel, Ernst, Frei zum Eingeständnis. Ceschichte und Praxis der evangelischen Einzelbeichte (Stuttgart, 1982), p. 14 Google Scholar.

41 Gcrmann, D. Johann Forster, p. 125.

42 Sehling, Kirchenordnungen, 12, p. 63.

43 Ascham, Roger, The Whole Works of Roger Ascham, Now First Collected and Revised, with a Life of the Author, ed. Giles, J. A., 4 vols (London, 1864-5), 2, p. 269 Google Scholar.

44 Sehling, Kirchenordnungen, 12, pp. 26-7.

45 Ascham, Works, 2, p. 270.

46 Sehling, Kirchenordnungen, 12, p. 64.

47 Schling, Kirchenordnungen, 12, p. 58.

48 For example, StadtAA, Strafbuch der Zuchtherren, 1539, fol. 50a.

49 Ascham, Works, 2, p. 269.

50 Roth, Reformatiowgeschichte, 3, p. 126.

51 StadtAA, Katholisches Wescnarchiv, B7/8; Evangclisches Wescnarchiv, 658.

52 Gcrmann, D. Johann Forster, p. 54. In 1548 the Council had to provide the preachers with surplices in order to conform with the terms of the Interim, Paul Hektor Mair, ‘Zwei Chroniken des Augsburger Ratdiener Paul Hektor Mair’, in Die Chroniken der deutsclien Städie, 32, pp. 37, 39.

53 Sender, ‘Chronik’, p. 340.

54 Germann, D. Johann Forster, p. 54.

55 Sprusansky, S., Freiheit und Ordnung. Reformation in Augsburg, Ausstellungskatalogc des Landcskirchlichcn Archivs in Nürnberg, 13 (Nuremberg, 1987) pp. 54–6 Google Scholar.

56 Schling, Kirchenordnungen, 12, pp. 67-8.

57 Sender, ‘Chronik’, p. 214; G. Preu, ‘Die Chronik des Malers Georg Preu des Älteren, 1512-37’, in Die Chroniken der deutschen Städie, 29, pp. 43-4.

58 StadtAA, Evangclisches Wesenarhiv Akten, 486.

59 Gcrmann, D. Johann Forster, p. 200.

60 Roth, Reformationsgeschichte, 2, p. 329.