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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 26 May 2016
The dynamical behavior of upper cool-star photospheres constitutes the next step in realistic atmosphere modeling after the successful numerical implementation of low-photosphere granulation. The solar example shows that this behavior is complex even when magnetism is ignored. Acoustic waves are a principal ingredient, but so are atmospheric gravity waves. Acoustic events provide less pistoning than expected. Correlation and Fourier analyses of image sequences from TRACE demonstrate the ubiquity of gravity waves.