Published online by Cambridge University Press: 19 July 2016
I describe recent high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy of surface emission from nearby, thermally emitting neutron stars. I focus on RX J0720.4−3125, RX J1308.6+2127 and RX J1605.3+3249, all of which have similar temperature, but differ in the presence and strength of absorption features in their spectrA. I discuss possible causes for the absorption we see in two sources, and conclude that it may be proton cyclotron line absorption, but weakened due to the strong-field quantum electrodynamics effect of vacuum resonance mode conversion.