Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T15:45:25.228Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Commission 47: Cosmology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 April 2016

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The report that follows gives glimpses into the enormous amount of work in cosmology over the past three years, both in theory and in observations. It is impossible to do justice, within the space allotted, to all the exciting work and some important topics like structure formation could not be covered. Nevertheless, the contributors to different sections have done a conscientious job and I thank them all. Some of them had to step in to fill the gaps at short notice.

Type
Division VIII - Galaxies and the Universe
Copyright
Copyright © Kluwer 1997

References

References

1. Soifer, B T (ed.), “Sky Surveys: Protostars to Protogalaxies”, ASP Conf. Ser., vol. 43, 1993.Google Scholar
2. Becker, R H, White, R L & Helfand, D J 1995, ApJ, 450, 559 Google Scholar
3. Cotton, W D et al., 1996, in: Extragalactic Radio Sources, eds Ekers, R D et al., (Dordrecht: Kluwer), in pressGoogle Scholar
4. de Bruyn, G., 1996, in: Extragalactic Radio Sources, eds Ekers, R D et al., (Dordrecht: Kluwer), in pressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
5. Wright, A E, Griffith, M F, Burke, B F & Ekers, R D 1994, ApJS, 91, 111 Google Scholar
6. Gregory, P C, Vavasour, J D, Scott, W K & Condon, J J 1994, ApJS, 90, 173 Google Scholar
7. Kollgaard, R I et al. 1994, ApJS, 93, 145 Google Scholar
8. Lacy, M, Riley, J M, Waldram, E M, McMahon, R G & Warner, P J 1995, MNRAS, 276, 614 Google Scholar
9. Benn, C R 1995, MNRAS, 272, 699 Google Scholar
10. Hales, S E G, Waldram, E M, Rees, N & Warner, P J 1995, MNRAS, 274, 447 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11. Kooiman, B L, Burns, J O & Klypin, A A 1995, ApJ, 448, 500 Google Scholar
12. Ciliegi, P, Elvis, M, Wilkes, B J, Boyle, B J, Mcmahon, R G & Maccacaro, T 1995, MNRAS, 277, 1463 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13. Vermeulen, R C & Cohen, M H 1994, ApJ, 430, 467 Google Scholar
14. Sanders, D B, Egami, E, Lipari, S, Mirabel, I F & Soifer, B T 1995, AJ, 110, 1993 Google Scholar
15. Mobasher, B, Sharpies, R M & Ellis, R S, 1993, MNRAS, 263, 560 Google Scholar
16. Cowie, L L, Gardner, J P, Hu, E M, Songaila, A, Hodapp, K-W & Wainscot, R J, 1994, ApJ, 434, 114 Google Scholar
17. Djorgovski, G et al. 1995, ApJ, 438, L13 Google Scholar
18. Glazebrook, K, Ellis, R, Colless, M, Broadhurst, T, Allington-Smith, J & Tanvir, N 1994, MNRAS, 273, 157 Google Scholar
19. Gardner, J P 1996, MNRAS, 279, 1157 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20. Bowyer, S et al. 1994, ApJS, 93, 569 Google Scholar
21. Pye, J P et al. 1995, MNRAS, 274, 1165 Google Scholar
22. Bowyer, S, Sasses, T P, Wu, X & Lampton, M 1995, ApJS, 96, 461 Google Scholar
23. Voges, W et al. 1996, available from http://www.rosat.mpe-garching.mpg.de/survey Google Scholar
24. Ebeling, H, Voges, W, Bohringer, H, Edge, A C, Huchra, J P & Briel, U G 1996, MNRAS, 281, 799 Google Scholar
25. Brinkmann, W, Siebert, J & Boiler, Th 1994, AA, 281, 355 Google Scholar
26. Brinkmann, W, Siebert, J, Reich, W, Fiirst, E, Reich, P, Voges, W, Trumper, J & Wielebinski, R 1995, AAS, 109, 147 Google Scholar
27. Vikhlinin, A & Forman, W 1995, ApJ, 455, L109 Google Scholar
28. Branduardi-Raymont, G et al. 1994, MNRAS, 270, 947 Google Scholar
29. Boyle, B J, Shanks, T, Georgantopoulos, I, Stewart, G C & Griffiths, R E 1994, MNRAS, 271, 639 Google Scholar
30. Meegan, C A et al. 1994, available from grossc.gsfc.nasa.gov (Login:gronews)Google Scholar
31. Caditz, D 1995, ApJ, 452, 140 Google Scholar
32. Briggs, M S et al. 1996, ApJ, 459, 40 Google Scholar
33. Scharf, C A, Jahoda, K & Boldt, E 1995, ApJ, 454, 573 Google Scholar
34. Thompson, D J et al. 1995, ApJS, 101, 259 Google Scholar
35. Santiago, B X, Strauss, M A, Lahav, O, Davis, M, Dressier, A & Huchra, J P 1996, ApJ, 461, 38 Google Scholar
36. Landy, S D, Shectman, S A, Lin, H, Kirshner, R P, Oemler, A & Tucker, D L 1996, ApJ, 456, L1 Google Scholar
37. Roth, J, Mould, J & Staveley-Smith, L 1994, AJ, 108, 851 Google Scholar
38. Bernstein, G M, Guhathakurta, P, Raychaudhury, S, Giovanelli, R, Haynes, M P, Herter, T & Vogt, N P 1994, AJ, 107, 1962 Google Scholar
39. Loveday, J 1996, MNRAS, 278, 1025 Google Scholar
40. Raychaudhury, S, Lynden-Bell, D, Scharf, C A & Hudson, M 1994, BAAS, 26, 920 Google Scholar
41. Postman, M, Lubin, L M, Gunn, J E, Oke, J B, Hoessel, J G, Schneider, D P & Christensen, J A 1996, AJ, 111, 615 Google Scholar
42. Hewett, P C, Foltz, C B & Chaffee, F H 1995, AJ, 109, 1498 Google Scholar
43. Hewitt, A & Burbidge, G 1993, ApJS, 87, 451 Google Scholar
44. Hammer, F, Crampton, D, Lilly, S J, Le Fevre, O & Kenet, T 1995, MNRAS, 276, 1085 Google Scholar
45. Benn, C R, Rowan-Robinson, M, Mcmahon, R G & Broadhurst, T P 1993, MNRAS, 263, 98 Google Scholar
46. Cristiani, S, Trentin, S, La Franca, F, Arextaga, I, Andreani, P, Vio, R & Gemmo, A 1996, A&A, 306, 395 Google Scholar
47. Schneider, D P, Schmidt, M & Gunn, J E 1994, AJ, 107, 1245 Google Scholar
48. Schmidt, M, Schneider, D P & Gunn, J E 1995, AJ, 110, 68 Google Scholar
49. Warren, S J, Hewett, P C & Osmer, P S 1994, ApJ, 421, 412 Google Scholar
50. Kennefick, J D, Djorgovski, S G & Meylan, G 1996, AJ, 111, 1816 Google Scholar
51. Smith, J D et al. 1994, AJ, 108, 1147 Google Scholar
52. Kennefick, J D, Djorgovski, S G & de Carvalho, R R 1995, AJ, 110, 2553 Google Scholar
53. Driver, S P, Windhorst, R A, Phillips, S & Bristow, PD 1996, ApJ, 461, 525 Google Scholar

References

1. Cowie, L.L., Hu, E.M., Songaila, A., 1995, Nature, 377, 603 Google Scholar
2. Driver, S. et al., 1994, MNRAS, 268, 393 Google Scholar
3. Ellis, R.S., Colless, M., Broadhurst, T., Heyl, J., Glazebrook, K., 1996, MNRAS, 280, 235 Google Scholar
4. Georgantopoulos, I., Stewart, G.C., Shanks, T., Boyle, B.J., Griffiths, R.E., 1996, MNRAS, 280, 276 Google Scholar
5. Glazebrook, K., Peacock, J. A., Miller, L., Collins, C., 1995a, MNRAS, 275, 169 Google Scholar
6. Glazebrook, K., Ellis, R.S., Santiago, B., Griffiths, R., 1995b, MNRAS, 275, L19 Google Scholar
7. Hawkins, M.R.S., 1996, MNRAS, 278, 787 Google Scholar
8. Hewett, P.C, Polz, C.B., Chaffee, F.H., 1993, ApJ, 406, 43 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9. Lilly, S.J., Tresse, L., Hammer, F., Crampton, D., Le Fevre, O., 1995, ApJ, 455, 108 Google Scholar
10. McGaugh, S.S., 1994, Nature, 367, 538 Google Scholar
11. Perlmutter, S., et al., astro-ph/9602122Google Scholar
12. Riess, A., Press, W., Kirshner, R. 1995, ApJ, 438, L17 Google Scholar
13. Urry, CM., Padovani, P., 1995, PASP, 107, 803 Google Scholar
14. Webster, R.L., Francis, P.J., Peterson, B.A., Drinkwater, M.J., Masci, F.J., 1995, Nature, 375, 469 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

1. Blain, A.W., Longair, M.S. 1996, MNRAS 279, 847 Google Scholar
2. Briggs, F.H., Sorar, E., Taramopoulos, A. 1993, ApJ 415, L99 Google Scholar
3. Bunker, A.J., Warren, S.J., Hewett, P.C., Clements, D.L. 1995 MNRAS 273, 513 Google Scholar
4. Chini, R., Kriigel, E. 1994, A&A 288, L33 Google Scholar
5. Clements, D.L., Couch, W.J. 1996, MNRAS 280, L43 Google Scholar
6. deRobertis, M.M., McCall, MX. 1995 AJ 109, 1947 Google Scholar
7. Dunlop, J.S., Hughes, D.H., Rawlings, S., Eales, S.A., Ward, M.J. 1994, Nature 370, 347 Google Scholar
8. Dunlop, J., Peacock, J., Spinrad, H., Dey, A., Jimenez, R. et al. 1996, Nature 381, 581 Google Scholar
9. Eales, S.A., Rawlings, S. 1993, ApJ 411, 67 Google Scholar
10. Eales, S.A., Edmunds, M.G. 1996, MNRAS 280, 1167 Google Scholar
11. Egami, E. 1995, in Wide Field Spectroscopy and the Distant Universe (ed. Maddox, S.J. & Aragon-Salamanca, A.; World Scientific), p. 380 Google Scholar
12. Fontana, A., Cristiani, S., d’Odorico, S., Giallongo, E., Savaglio, S. 1996, MNRAS 279, L27 Google Scholar
13. Franceschini, A., Mazzei, P., de Zotti, G., Danese, L. 1994 ApJ 427, 140 Google Scholar
14. Giavalisco, M., Steidel, C.C., Szalay, A.S. 1994 ApJ 425, L5 Google Scholar
15. Graham, J.R., Matthews, K., Soifer, B.T., Nelson, J.E. et al. 1994, ApJ 420, L5 Google Scholar
16. Hall, B., Osmer, P.S., Green, R.F., Porter, A.C., Warren, S.J. 1996, ApJ 462, 614 Google Scholar
17. Hawkins, M.R.S., Shaver, P.A., Clements, D., van der Werf, P. 1996, MNRAS 280, L1 Google Scholar
18. Hawkins, M.R.S., Veron, P. 1996, MNRAS 281, 348 Google Scholar
19. Henry, J.P., Gioia, I.M., Bohringer, H., Bower, R.G. et al. 1994, AJ 107, 1270 Google Scholar
20. Hook, I., McMahon, R., Patnaik, A., Browne, I. et al. 1995, MNRAS 273, L63 Google Scholar
21. Hu, E.M., McMahon, R.G., Egami, E. 1996, ApJ 459, L53 Google Scholar
22. Hughes, D.H., Robson, E.I., Dunlop, J.S., Gear, W.K. 1993, MNRAS 263, 607 Google Scholar
23. Isaai, K.G., McMahon, R.G., Hills, R.E., Withington, S. 1994, MNRAS 269, L28 Google Scholar
24. Kennefick, J.D., Djorgovski, S.G., de Carvalho, R.R. 1995, AJ 110, 2553 Google Scholar
25. Kennefick, J.D., Djorgovski, S.G., Meylan, G. 1996, AJ 111, 1816 Google Scholar
26. Kumar, A., Padmanabhan, T., Subramanian, K. 1995, MNRAS 272, 544 Google Scholar
27. Lacy, M., Miley, G., Rawlings, S., Saunders, R. et al. 1994, MNRAS 271, 504 Google Scholar
28. Lacy, M., Rawlings, S. 1996, MNRAS 280, 888 Google Scholar
29. Lanzetta, K.M., Yahil, A., Fernandez-Soto, A. 1996, Nature 381, 759 Google Scholar
30. Loeb, L., Eisenstein, D.J. 1995 ApJ 448, 17 Google Scholar
31. Madau, P. 1995 ApJ 441, 18 Google Scholar
32. Malkan, M., Teplitz, H., McLean, I. 1995, ApJ 448, L5 Google Scholar
33. Maoli, R., Melchiorri, F., Tosti, D. 1994, ApJ 425, 372 Google Scholar
34. Maoli, R., Ferrucci, V., Melchiorri, F., Signore, M., Tosti, D. 1996, ApJ 457, 1 Google Scholar
35. Mannucci, F., Beckwith, S.V.W. 1995, ApJ 442, 569 Google Scholar
36. Mazzei, P., de Zotti, G. 1996, MNRAS 279, 535 Google Scholar
37. McMahon, R., Omont, A., Bergeron, J., Kreysa, E., Haslam, C. 1994, MNRAS 267, L9 Google Scholar
38. Pahre, M.A., Djorgovski, S.G. 1995, ApJ 449, L1 Google Scholar
39. Parkes, I.M., Collins, C.A., Joseph, R.D. 1994, MNRAS 266, 983 Google Scholar
40. Petitjean, P., Pecontal, E., Valls-Gabaud, D., Chariot, S. 1996, Nature 380, 411 Google Scholar
41. Pritchet, C.J. 1994, PASP 106, 704 Google Scholar
42. Puy, D., Signore, M. 1996 A&A 305, 371 Google Scholar
43. Schmidt, M., Schneider, D.P., Gunn, J.E. 1995 AJ 110, 68 Google Scholar
44. Shaver, P.A., Wall, J.V., Kellermann, K.I. 1996, MNRAS 278, L11 Google Scholar
45. Shaver, P.A. Wall, J.V., Kellermann, K.I., Jackson, C.A., Hawkins, M.R. 1996 (see Shaver, P.A. 1995, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sc. 759, p.87)Google Scholar
46. Soifer, B.T., Matthews, K., Djorgovski, S., Larkin, J. et al. 1994, ApJ 420, L1 Google Scholar
47. Spinrad, H., Dey, A., Graham, J.R. 1995, ApJ 438, L51 Google Scholar
48. Stancil, P.C., Lepp, S., Dalgarno, A. 1996, ApJ 458, 401 Google Scholar
49. Steidel, C.C., Hamilton, D. 1993, AJ 105, 2017 Google Scholar
50. Steidel, C.C., Pettini, M., Hamilton, D. 1995, AJ 110, 2519 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
51. Steidel, C., Giavalisco, M., Pettini, M., Dickinson, M., Adelberger, K. 1996, ApJ 462, L17 Google Scholar
52. Subramanian, K., Padmanabhan, T 1993, MNRAS 265, 101 Google Scholar
53. Thompson, D., Djorgovski, S.G. 1995, AJ 110, 982 Google Scholar
54. Thompson, D., Djorgovski, S., Beckwith, S.V.W. 1994, AJ 107, 1 Google Scholar
55. Thompson, D., Djorgovski, S., Tranger, J. 1995, AJ 110, 963 Google Scholar
56. Warren, S.J., Hewett, P.C., Osmer, P.S. 1994, ApJ 421, 412 Google Scholar

References

1. Ferrarese, L. et. al. (1996) Ap.J., 464, 568.Google Scholar
2. Freedman, W. et. al. (1994) Nature, 371, 757.Google Scholar
3. Sakai, S. et. al. (1996) Ap.J., 461, 713.Google Scholar
4. Sandage, A. et. al. (1996) Ap.J. Lett, 460, L15.Google Scholar
5. Tanvir, N.R. et. al. (1995) Nature, 377, 27.Google Scholar

References

1. Mather, J.C., et al. 1990, ApJ 354, L37.Google Scholar
2. Smoot, G.F., et al. 1992, ApJ 396, L1.Google Scholar
3. Smoot, G.F. & Mather, J.C. 1993, Reports on Astronomy, Vol. XXIIA, ed. Bergeron, J., p554. Vittorio, N., ibid. p558.Google Scholar
4. Smoot, G.F. & Scott, D. 1996, astro-ph/6903157.Google Scholar
5. Bennett, C.L., et al. 1996, ApJ 464, L1. Kogut, A., et al., ibid., L5. Gorski, K.M., et al., ibid., L11. Hinshaw, G., et al., ibid., L17. Wright, E.L., et al., ibid., L21. Hinshaw, G., et al., ibid., L25. Kogut, A., et al., ibid., L29.Google Scholar
6. Ganga, K., et al. 1993, ApJ 432, L15. de Bernardis, P., et al. 1994 ApJ 422, L33. Tanaka, S.T., et al. 1996, ApJ in press, astro-ph/9512067. Cheng, E.S., et al. 1996, ApJ 456, L71.Google Scholar
7. Subrahmayan, R. et al. 1993, MNRAS 263, 416. Hancock, S., et al., 1994, Nature 367, 333. Gundersen, J.O., et al. 1994, ApJ 443, L57. Wollack, E.J., et al. 1993, ApJ 419, L49. Netterfield, C.B., et al. 1995, ApJ 445, L69; 1996, astro-ph/9601197. Ruhl, J., et al. 1995, ApJ 453, L1. Scott, P.F.S., et al. 1996, ApJ in press. Tucker, G.S., et al. 1993, ApJ 419, L45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8. Peebles, P.J.E. & Yu, J.T. 1970, ApJ 162, 815. Bond, J.R. & Efstathiou, G. 1987, MNRAS 226, 655. For a complete list of recent references see: Hu, W. & White, M. 1996, astro-ph/9602019.Google Scholar
9. Jungman, G., et al. 1996, Phys.Rev. D54, 1332. Knox, L. 1996, astro-phy/9606066. Kosowsky, A., et al. 1996, Proc. UCLA Dark Matter Conf., astro-ph/9605147.Google Scholar
10. Fixsen, D.J., et al. 1994, ApJ 420, 457.Google Scholar
11. Mather, J.C., et al. 1994, 420, 439.Google Scholar
12. Fixsen, D.J., et al. 1996, ApJ, in press; astro-ph/9604158.Google Scholar
13. Staggs, S.T., et al. 1996, ApJ 458, 407.Google Scholar
14. Staggs, S.T., et al. 1996, ApJ Let., in press.Google Scholar
15. Rees, M.J. 1968, ApJ 153, L1.Google Scholar
16. Kosowsky, A. 1996, Annals of Physics 246, 49.Google Scholar
17. Seljak, U. 1996, astro-ph/9608131.Google Scholar
18. Coulson, D., Crittenden, R.G. & Turok, N. 1994, Phys Rev Lett 73, 2390.Google Scholar
19. Crittenden, R., Davis, R. & Steinhardt, P. 1993, ApJ 417, L13.Google Scholar

References

1. Armand, C. et al. (1994), Astron. Ap. 284, 12.Google Scholar
2. Barcons, X. et al. (1994) MNRAS 268, 833.Google Scholar
3. Biller, S. D. et al. (1995) ApJ 445, 227.Google Scholar
4. Boyle, B. et al. (1994) MNRAS 271, 639.Google Scholar
5. Branduardi-Raymont, G. et al. (1994) MNRAS 270, 947.Google Scholar
6. Carrera, F. G. et al. (1995) MNRAS 275, 22.Google Scholar
7. Celotti, A. et al. (1995) MNRAS 277, 1169.Google Scholar
8. Chen, L.-W. et al. (1994) MNRAS 266, 846.Google Scholar
9. Chen, A. et al. (1996) ApJ 463, 169.Google Scholar
10. Comistri, A. et al. (1995) Astron. Ap. 296, 1.Google Scholar
11. Dar, A. & Shaviv, N. J. (1995) Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 3052.Google Scholar
12. Dodelson, S. & Jubas, J. M. (1994) MNRAS 266, 886.Google Scholar
13. Fabian, A. C. & Barcons, X. (1992) —it Ann. Rev. Astron. Ap. 30, 429.Google Scholar
14. Fichtel, C. E. et al. (1978) ApJ 222, 833.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15. Gendreau, et al. (1995) PASJ 47, 15.Google Scholar
16. Georgantopoulos, I. et al. (1993) MNRAS 262, 619.Google Scholar
17. Georgantopoulos, I. et al. (1996) MNRAS 260, 276.Google Scholar
18. Hasinger, G. et al. (1993) Astron. Ap. 275, 1.Google Scholar
19. Lahav, o. et al. (1993) Nature 364, 693.Google Scholar
20. Matt, G. & Fabian, A.C. (1994) MNRAS 267, 94.Google Scholar
21. Madau, P. et al. (1994) MNRAS 270, L17.Google Scholar
22. Overduin, J. M. & Wesson, P. S. (1993) ApJ 414, 449.Google Scholar
23. Puget, J.-L. et al. (1996) Astron. Ap. 308, L5.Google Scholar
24. Roche, N. et al. (1995) MNRAS 273, L15.Google Scholar
25. Soltan, A. & Hasinger, G. (1994) Astron. Ap. 288, 77.Google Scholar
26. Soltan, A. et al. (1996) Astron. Ap. 305, 17.Google Scholar
27. Setti, G & Woltjer, L. (1994) ApJS 92, 629.Google Scholar
28. Stecker, F. W. & Salamon, M. H. (1996) ApJ 464, 523.Google Scholar
29. Treyer, M. A. and Lahav, O. (1996) MNRAS 280, 469.Google Scholar
30. Vikhilin, A. (1995) Astron. Ap. 303, 714.Google Scholar
31. Vedel, H. et al. (1994) MNRAS 271, 743.Google Scholar
32. Vogel, S. & Reimers, D. (1993) Astron. Ap. 274, L5.Google Scholar
33. Zdziarski, A. A. et al. (1993) ApJ 414, L81.Google Scholar
34. Zdziarski, A. A. et al. (1995) ApJ 438, L63.Google Scholar

References

1. Allen, B., Caldwell, R.R., Shellard, E.P.S., Stebbins, A. & Veeraraghavan, S., (1994), in CMB Anisotropies Two years After COBE, ed. Krauss, L.M., World Scientific, Singapore, p. 166.Google Scholar
2. Bagla, J.S., Padmanabhan, T., and Narlikar, J.V., (1996), Comm. on Astrophys., 18, 275 Google Scholar
3. Brandenberger, R., (1994), Int. J. Mod. Phys. A9, 2117.Google Scholar
4. Bucher, M., Goldhaber, C.S. and Turok, N., (1995) Nuc. Phys B S43, 173 Google Scholar
5. Copeland, E.J., Kolb, E.W., Liddle, A.R. and Lidsey, J.E., (1993), Phys. Rev. Letts 71, 219; Phys. Rev. D. 48, 2529 Google Scholar
6. Guth, A.H., (1981), Phys. Rev., D23, 347 Google Scholar
7. Hindmarsh, M. & Kibble, T., (1995), Rep. Prog. Phys., 58, 477Google Scholar
8. Kamionkowski, M and Spergel, D.N., (1994),Ap. J. 432, 7 Google Scholar
9. Kazanas, D., (1980), Ap.J., 241. L59 Google Scholar
10. Krauss, L. and Turner, M.S., (1995) preprint, astro-ph/9504003Google Scholar
11. Liddle, A.R. and Lyth, D.H. (1993), Phys. Repts, 231, 1 (section 5)Google Scholar
12. Mielke, E.W. and Schunck, F.E. (1995), Phys. Rev. D., 52, 672Google Scholar
13. Sato, K., (1981), MNRAS, 195, 467 Google Scholar
14. Perivolaropoulos, L. & Vachaspati, T. (1994), Ap. J 423, L77 Google Scholar
15. Ratra, B. and Peebles, P.J.E. (1994) Ap. J. 432, L5 Google Scholar
16. Turner, M.S., (1991), Phys. Scripta, T 36, 167 Google Scholar
17. Turner, M.S., (1993), Phys. Rev. D., 48, 3502; ibid 48 5539.Google Scholar
18. Turner, M.S. and White, M., (1996), Phys. Rev. D., 53, 6822 Google Scholar

References

1. Songaila, A. et al., 1994, Nature, 368, 599.Google Scholar
2. Carswell, R. F. et al., 1994, MNRAS, 268 L1.Google Scholar
3. Tytler, D., Fan, X-M & Burles, S. 1996, Nature, 381, 207.Google Scholar
4. Copi, C. J., Schramm, D. N. & Turner, M. S. 1995, Science, 267, 192.Google Scholar
5. Pagel, B. E. J. et al. 1992, MNRAS, 255, 325.Google Scholar
6. Olive, K. A. k. Steigman, G. 1995, ApJ Suppl., 97, 49.Google Scholar
7. Schramm, D. N. & Turner, M. S. 1996, Nature, 381, 193.Google Scholar
8. Rugers, M. & Hogan, C. J. 1996, ApJ, 459, L1.Google Scholar
9. Linsky, J. L. et al. 1995, ApJ, 451, 335.Google Scholar
10. Edmunds, M. G. 1994, MNRAS, 270, L37.Google Scholar

References

1. Bond, J. R., Kofman, L., and Pogosyan, D. (1996) Nature 380, 603605.Google Scholar
2. Cen, R., Miralda-Escude, J., Ostriker, J. P., and Rauch, M. (1994) Astrophys. J. 437, L9L12.Google Scholar
3. Cowie, L. L., Songaila, A., Kim, T.-S., and Hu, E. M.(1995) Astr. J. 109, 15221530.Google Scholar
4. Cristiani, S., D’Odorico, S., Fontana, A., Giallongo, E., and Savaglio, S. (1995) Mon. Not. R. astr. Soc. 273, 10161032.Google Scholar
5. Crotts, A. P. S., Bechtold, J., Fang, Y., and Duncan, R. C. (1994) Astrophys. J. 437, L79L82.Google Scholar
6. Davidsen, A. F., Kriss, G. A., and Zheng, W. (1996) Nature 380, 4749.Google Scholar
7. Dinshaw, N., Impey, C. D., Foltz, C. B., Weymann, R. J., and Chaffee, F. H.(1994) Astrophys. J. 437, L87L90.Google Scholar
8. Fang, Y., Duncan, R. C., Crotts, A. P. S., and Bechtold, J. (1996) Astrophys. J. 462, 7788.Google Scholar
9. Fernández-Soto, A., Lanzetta, K. M., Barcons, X., Carswell, R. F., Webb, J. K., and Yahil, A. (1996) Astrophys. J. 460, L85L88.Google Scholar
10. Haehnelt, M. G., Steinmetz, M., and Rauch, M. (1996) Astrophys. J. 465, L95L98.Google Scholar
11. Hernquist, L., Katz, N., Weinberg, D. H., and Miralda-Escude, J. (1996) Astrophys. J. 457, L51L55.Google Scholar
12. Hu, E. M., Kim, T.-S., Cowie, L. L., and Songaila, A. (1995) Astr. J. 110, 15261543.Google Scholar
13. Jakobsen, P., Boksenberg, A., Deharveng, J. M., Greenfield, P., Jedrzejewski, R., and Paresce, F. (1994) Nature 370, 3539.Google Scholar
14. Katz, N., Weinberg, D. H., Hernquist, L., and Miralda-Escudé, J. (1996) Astrophys. J. 457, L57L60.Google Scholar
15. Lanzetta, K. M., Bowen, D. B., Tytler, D., and Webb, J. K.(1995) Astrophys. J. 442, 538568.Google Scholar
16. Lu, L., Sargent, W. L. W., Womble, D. S., and Barlow, T. A.(1996) Astrophys. J. 457, L1L4.Google Scholar
17. Madau, P. and Meiksen, A. (1994) Astrophys. J. 433, L53L56.Google Scholar
18. Miralda-Escudé, J. (1993) Mon. Not. R. astr. Soc. 262, 273276.Google Scholar
19. Miralda-Escudé, J. and Rees, M. J.(1994) Mon. Not. R. astr. Soc. 266, 343352.Google Scholar
20. Pei, Y. C.and Fall, S. M.(1995) Astrophys. J. 454, 6976.Google Scholar
21. Pettini, M., King, D. L., Smith, L. J., and Hunstead, R. W.(1996) Astrophys. J., in the press.Google Scholar
22. Pettini, M., Smith, L. J., Hunstead, R. W., and King, D. L.(1994) Astrophys. J. 426, 7996.Google Scholar
23. Reisenegger, A. and Miralda-Escudé, J. (1995) Astrophys. J. 449, 476487.Google Scholar
24. Shull, J. M., Stocke, J. T., and Penton, S. (1996) Astr. J. 111, 7277.Google Scholar
25. Songaila, A. and Cowie, L. L.(1996) Astr. J. 112, 335351.Google Scholar
26. Songaila, A., Hu, E. M., and Cowie, L. L.(1995) Nature 375, 124126.Google Scholar
27. Stocke, J. T., Shull, J. M., Penton, S., Donahue, M., and Carilli, C. (1995) Astrophys. J. 451, 2443.Google Scholar
28. Storrie-Lombardi, L. J., McMahon, R. G., and Irwin, M. J.(1996) Mon. Not. R. astr. Soc, in the press.Google Scholar
29. Tytler, D., Fan, X.-M., Buries, S., Cottrell, L., Davis, C., Kirkman, D., and Zuo, L. (1995) In QSO Absorption Lines,Meylan, G., editor, pp. 289298, Springer, Heidelberg.Google Scholar
30. Wampler, E. J., Williger, G. M., Baldwin, J. A., Carswell, R. F., Hazard, C., and McMahon, R. G.(1996) Astr. Astrophys., in the press.Google Scholar
31. Zhang, Y., Anninos, P., and Norman, M. L.(1995) Astrophys. J. 453, L57L60.Google Scholar

References

1. Arp, H.C. (1994) Astron. Astrophys., 288, 738 Google Scholar
2. Bagla, J.S., Padmanabhan, T. and Narlikar, J.V. (1996) Comm. Asp.&Sp.Phys, 18, 275 Google Scholar
3. Banks, T., Kaplan, D.B. and Nelson, A.E. (1994) Phys.Rev., D 49, 779 Google Scholar
4. Borgani, S. (1995) Phys.Reports, 251, 1 Google Scholar
5. Brustein, R. and Veneziano., G. (1994) Phys.Lett., B 329, 429 Google Scholar
6. Burbidge, E.M. (1995) Astron. Astrophys., 298, LI Google Scholar
7. Gasperini, M. and Veneziano, G. (1993) Astropart.Phys., 1,317 Google Scholar
8. Hoyle, F.,Burbidge, G. and Narlikar, J.V. (1994a) MNRAS, 267,1007 Google Scholar
9. Hoyle, F.,Burbidge, G. and Narlikar, J.V. (1994b) Astron. Astrophys., 289, 729 Google Scholar
10. Hoyle, F.,Burbidge, G. and Narlikar, J.V. (1995) Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 448,191 Google Scholar
11. Milgrom, M. (1994) Ann. Phys.(N.Y.), 229, 384 Google Scholar
12. Napier, W.M. and Guthrie, B.N.G. (1993) in Progress in New Cosmologies, Proceedings of the 13th Cracow Summer School of Cosmology; Eds Arp, H.C., Keys, C.R., Rudnicki, K., p.29 Google Scholar
13. Ostriker, J. and Steinhardt, P.J. (1995) Nature, 376, 600 Google Scholar
14. Pietsch, W., Vogler, A., Kahabka, P., Jain, A.& Noreau, L. (1994) Astro. Astrophys, 284, 386 Google Scholar
15. Souriau, J.M. (1994) Science et Vie -Hors Serie le Big Bang en question, 189, 132 Google Scholar
16. Tifft, W.G. (1995) Astrophys. and Sp. Sc., 227, 25 Google Scholar
17. Viana, P.T.P. and Liddle, A.R. (1996) MNRAS, 281, 323 Google Scholar